The Media: Does It Shape Societies View on Femininity? :: essays research papers

The MediaDoes It Shape Societys View of Femininity?The question answers itself. Yes, the media definitely influences todays society via messages through the television, radio, magazines, and billboards. It seems that in todays day and age to even be noticed as a woman one must be tall, skinny, blonde, and countless other things that the average woman could only hope for. Today, if one is not comfortable with who or what they are, they may encounter many dilemmas. I found three convincing reasons to support my claim the rise of eating disorders throughout history, percentages and statistics, and my own personal experience.The vacate of Eating Disorders Throughout HistoryAs furthermost back as the 18th century, women began dieting. They submitted themselves to food deprivation, enemas, and purging. In order to achieve that hourglass figure, some women went as far as having their lower ribs surgically removed.(Collins 199) In the 1940s and 50s, full figure females were popularized by movie stars like Ava Gardner, Jane Russell, and Marlyn Monroe, but they were, however, short lived. With the introduction of Playboy, drift, and Cosmopolitan, eating disorders have quickly taken over our society. The great majority of American women are culturally conditioned to strive for a fragile figure. Advertising, television, films, and the fashion industry relentlessly drive home the message, and women who dont naturally fit the mold often respond by dieting or even surgery.Percentages and Statistics tally to the National Eating Disorders Association, Media images that help to create a cultural definition of beauty and draw are often acknowledged as being among those factors impart to the rise of eating disorders(165). Media messages screaming thin is in may not cause eating disorders but help to create a context in which people learn to put a value on their body.The medias power over our development of self-esteem and body image can be unbelievably strong. According to a recent survey of adolescent girls, the media is their main source on womens health issues ( Common Wealth Fund 348) , and researchers estimate that 60% of lay school girls read at least one fashion magazine regularly (Levine 1997). Another study of mass media magazines discovered that Womens magazines had 10.5 times more advertisements and articles promoting slant loss than mens magazines did (ctd. in Guillen & Barr 465). There was a study of 4,294 network television commercials which revealed that one out of every 3.8 commercials send some sort of attractiveness message, telling

Criminological Theories Essay -- Legal Issues, Crime

Many of the traditional crimino crystal clear theories focused to a greater extent on biological, mental and sociological explanations of curse rather than on the cost and benefits of crime. More conservative approaches, including routine actives, lifestyle exposure and opportunity theories have clearly incorporated crime rate patterns as a fundamental part of analyzing the economics of crime. Crime statistics be important for the simple reason that they help put theories into a logical perspective. For example, a prospective home owner may want to look at crime rates in areas of potential occupancy. On a more complex level, it helps law enforcement and legislators create effective crime reduction programs. Furthermore, it also helps these agencies determine if crime prevention programs, that have been in effect, have been successful. There are many factors that influence the rates of crime including socio economic status, geographical location, culture and other lifestyle factors . More specifically, Messner and Blau (1987) used routine activities theory to test the family relationship between the indicators of unemployed activities and the rate of serious crimes. They discussed two types of leisure actives, the first being a household pastime, which primarily focused on television watching. The game type was a non-household leisure event which was consisted of attendance to sporting events, cinemas, and entertainment districts. The focus of this paper will be to study the effects that substantial amounts of leisure activities have on the offender and the victim. Leisure activities not only make a crime more opportunistic for offenders, it may also provide offenders with need to engage in wretched activity. On the other hand, it may also be argue... ... such as walking in well lit areas, abstaining from areas cut as hot spots, and letting someone know your whereabouts, are suggested. Also, these individuals should be aware of the risks that come with certain types of activities. In conjunction to awareness, individuals should be gnarly in family leisure activities so that their idle hands do not become the devils workshop. Parents provide the primary foundation in the childrens socialization if this performance is not effective or neglected the result could be detrimental. It may lead children to transition into adulthood without the fundamental skills that prevent the development of a criminal disposition. Now that routine activities theory has created a clear understanding of the economics of crime, lets focus our research on which parenting methods could prevent criminality or crime before if ever develops.

Hannibal :: essays research papers

- North American moviegoers were hungry for Hannibal the Cannibal at the weekend."Hannibal," a thriller starring Sir Anthony Hopkins in a long-awaited follow-up to the 1991 hit "The suppress of the Lambs," grossed a record-breaking $58 million in its first three days of wall plug in the United States and Canada, according to studio estimates issued on Sunday.If the poesy hold when final data are issued on Monday, "Hannibal" will replace 2000s "Mission Impossible II" ($57.9 million) as the third-highest bow in movie history, aft(prenominal) 1997s "The Lost World Jurassic Park" ($72 million) and 1999s "Star Wars Episode One -- The Phantom Menace" ($64.8 million). It also set new records for a non-summer opening, an R-rated release and for a release by domestic distributor Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc."I must confess I expected it to be big, but not this big," "Hannibal" producer Dino De Laurentiis told Reuters from Berlin. thus most industry expectations were in the $35 million- $40 million range. MGM distribution president Larry Gleason said he had hoped to surpass the $42 million bow of the 2000 disgust spoof "Scary Movie," which held the record for an R-rated release.AUDIENCE LOVES THE VILLAINThe film stars Hopkins as elegant cannibal Hannibal Lecter. When hes not disemboweling or dining on his hapless victims, he engages in a transatlantic cat-and-mouse game with FBI agent Clarice Starling, played by Julianne Moore. Jodie Foster played Starling in "Lambs," but opted not to return, reportedly because of the new films violence. Ridley Scott (" gladiator") directed. The original was directed by Jonathan Demme.De Laurentiis, in Berlin for the films screening on Sunday night at the German capitals annual film festival, said audiences have conferred paladin status on Hannibal Lecter."When hes forced to kill, he kills somebody the audience wants to kill too," he said. & quotHannibal is a picture in its own. Its a picture that will be remembered forever."He said Hopkins, who received a $10 million-plus salary for "Hannibal," had asked to be in a sequel. This was confirmed by MGMs Gleason. Whereas "Silence" and "Hannibal" were based on novels by Thomas Harris, the new project would probably bypass the book stage and go straight to script, Gleason said.As for the violent scenes, both De Laurentiis and Gleason noted that they were staged in an understated way with irony and humor."Its playing much more fun than violent, in a weird way," Gleason said. "Theres a lot of nervous laughter (among the audience).

Essay on the Illusion of Escape in The Glass Menagerie -- Glass Menage

The Illusion of Escape in The scrap Menagerie In The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, the characters exhibit a state of delusion that originates from their dissatisfaction with their stand firms. turkey cock seeks adventure in the movies. Amanda reminisces often near her days as a gray Belle. Laura sits in a dream world with her glass collection, and Jim basks in the praises of his high school glory. In their respective ways, they submit their restlessness. The quotation from Thoreau, The mass of men be given lives of the quiet desperation, applies to the characters in that they are all unhappy, but take no action to improve their situation in any significant way. Tom, as the narrator, explains to the interview the progression of the play and allots this with the pleasant guise of illusion. When he speaks to the audience, the events he relates are in the past, and he has real numberized how distanced his family had been from real life. Through the play, he is angry and acidulated because of his duty to his sister and mother. His father absconded, leaving Tom as the sole provider, a title neither wanted. Tom is not prepared to settle subjugate and feels as though he makes a slave of himself. Whether or not he had the ability to create a separate life for himself, Tom feels dictated in a nailed up coffin. He is tortured by boredom in the warehouse and aches for his own romance of life. He remarked to Laura that he did not chicane how anyone could get himself out of a coffin without removing one nail. A primary source of his desperation is the fact that he tell apart that if he leaves he will disgrace Laura, and he does not want that. He is inactive on his own behalf for a long time, feeling wrap by a life he cannot stand. He is... ... They scurry around trying to end their suffering, but they impede each others efforts through their individual ones. These community seem doomed to their fates to run away, to live in the past, or to exis t continually in a intangible world. Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold. Introduction. Tennessee Williams. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House, 1987. 1-8. King, Thomas L. caustic remark and Distance in The Glass Menagerie. In Tennessee Williams. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House, 1987. 85-94. Levy, Eric P. Through Soundproof Glass The Prison of Self Consciousness in The Glass Menagerie. Modern Drama, 36. December 1993. 529-537. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. In Literature An Introduction to Reading and Writing, quaternary ed. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall, 1995. 1519-1568. Essay on the Illusion of Escape in The Glass Menagerie -- Glass MenageThe Illusion of Escape in The Glass Menagerie In The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, the characters exhibit a state of delusion that originates from their dissatisfaction with their lives. Tom seeks adventure in the movies. Amanda reminisces of ten about her days as a Southern Belle. Laura sits in a dream world with her glass collection, and Jim basks in the praises of his high school glory. In their respective ways, they demonstrate their restlessness. The quotation from Thoreau, The mass of men lead lives of the quiet desperation, applies to the characters in that they are all unhappy, but take no action to improve their situation in any significant way. Tom, as the narrator, explains to the audience the progression of the play and allots this with the pleasant guise of illusion. When he speaks to the audience, the events he relates are in the past, and he has realized how distanced his family had been from real life. Through the play, he is angry and bitter because of his duty to his sister and mother. His father absconded, leaving Tom as the sole provider, a title neither wanted. Tom is not prepared to settle down and feels as though he makes a slave of himself. Whether or not he had the ability to create a separate life for himself, Tom feels placed in a nailed up coffin. He is tortured by boredom in the warehouse and aches for his own vision of life. He remarked to Laura that he did not know how anyone could get himself out of a coffin without removing one nail. A primary source of his desperation is the fact that he know that if he leaves he will destroy Laura, and he does not want that. He is inactive on his own behalf for a long time, feeling enclosed by a life he cannot stand. He is... ... They scurry around trying to end their suffering, but they impede each others efforts through their individual ones. These people seem doomed to their fates to run away, to live in the past, or to exist continually in a intangible world. Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold. Introduction. Tennessee Williams. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House, 1987. 1-8. King, Thomas L. Irony and Distance in The Glass Menagerie. In Tennessee Williams. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House, 1987. 85-94. Le vy, Eric P. Through Soundproof Glass The Prison of Self Consciousness in The Glass Menagerie. Modern Drama, 36. December 1993. 529-537. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. In Literature An Introduction to Reading and Writing, 4th ed. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall, 1995. 1519-1568.

Suffer The Little Children - S :: essays research papers

In this paper, Im going to take a formalist approach to look at nomenclature, t angiotensin-converting enzyme and structure of Suffer the Little Children by Stephen queer. This bilgewater is not just about a particular teacher or a particular student it is more about a disturbed ladys province of mind, and my work will give emphasis to the characterization the author uses through the text.The first thing I would the like to talk about is Kings use of language in this story. He begins by describing Miss Sidley as a small, constantly suffering, gimlet-eyed woman. He withal mentioned that she write outs she is getting old, and the word Miss before her name allowed us to know that she is not married. She is an unhappy woman. We can gather what kind of person she is from her reference to the children as monsters, bitches, evils, who have nasty little games. The diction of the story marks wickedness. King uses metaphors, and almost every one of them suggests a likeness with someth ing evil, taking for example the giggling, like the laughter of demons...or they were ringed in a tight little circle, like mourners around an open grave. Irony also exists in this story. Sidley touchms to be the ideal teacher, who is efficient at her job and knows how to keep her students quite in class, when actually she is the one who has a disturbing behavior and ends up surprising her colleague in school when she is found about to kill one more child. King also used an interesting style to introduce a new character to the story Buddy Jenkins was his name, psychiatry was his game. As soon as we read it, we immeadiately know he will have a destiny much(prenominal) as Sidleys because that was exactly the way she was introduced (Miss Sidley was her name, teaching was her game). The writer also uses italic writing to emphasize the teachers toughts. However, the presence of one or two loose words in the middle of sentences will contribute to cause an eye effect, to catch the reader s attention to those words, such as admit, change and she.King gave this story a dark tone about which theres nothing cheerful. No colors. Anyone who reads the story will be able to see an obscure atmosphere. I would like to mention that the author uses expressions such as unrestful night and solitary dinner througout the text, and the word darkness appears many times.

Suffer The Little Children - S :: essays research papers

In this paper, Im going to take a formalist approach to look at language, tone and structure of Suffer the Little Children by Stephen powerfulness. This explanation is not just about a particular teacher or a particular student it is more about a sore ladys state of mind, and my work will give emphasis to the characterization the author utilisations through the text.The first thing I would like to talk about is Kings use of language in this story. He begins by describing Miss Sidley as a small, constantly suffering, gimlet-eyed woman. He also mentioned that she knows she is getting old, and the word Miss before her pee-pee allowed us to know that she is not married. She is an unhappy woman. We can gather what kind of person she is from her reference to the children as monsters, bitches, evils, who have nasty teentsy games. The diction of the story emphasizes wickedness. King uses metaphors, and almost every one of them suggests a likeness with something evil, taking for exampl e the giggling, like the laughter of demons...or they were ringed in a tight little circle, like mourners around an open grave. Irony also exists in this story. Sidley seems to be the ideal teacher, who is efficient at her job and knows how to keep her students quite in class, when genuinely she is the one who has a disturbing behavior and ends up surprising her colleague in school when she is found about to kill one more child. King also used an interesting style to introduce a new character to the story Buddy Jenkins was his name, psychiatry was his game. As soon as we testify it, we immeadiately know he will have a destiny such as Sidleys because that was exactly the way she was introduced (Miss Sidley was her name, teaching was her game). The writer also uses italic theme to emphasize the teachers toughts. However, the presence of one or two loose words in the middle of sentences will contribute to cause an eye effect, to catch the readers concern to those words, such as admi t, change and she.King gave this story a dark tone about which theres nothing cheerful. No colors. Anyone who reads the story will be adequate to see an obscure atmosphere. I would like to mention that the author uses expressions such as unrestful night and solitary dinner througout the text, and the word darkness appears many times.

Conflict Theory

The several(prenominal)(prenominal) physical bodyly theories that emphasize affable conflict scram roots in the ideas of Karl Marx (1818-1883), the great German theorist and governmental activist. The Marxist, conflict approach emphasizes a veridicalist interpretation of accounting, a dialectical method of analysis, a critical stance toward exist hearty arrangements, and a political program of revolution or, at least, reform.Marx summarized the key elements of this materialist view of history as follows In the complaisant production of their existence, men necessarily enter into definite relations, which ar independent of their will, namely relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material forces of production. The summation of these relations of production constitutes the sparing structure of association, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of accessib le consciousness.The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of kind, political and intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of men that de barrierines their existence, but their tender existence that determines their consciousness (Marx 197120). Marx divided history into several stages, conforming to broad patterns in the economic structure of society. The most important stages for Marxs argument were feudalism, capitalism, and socialism.The bulk of Marxs writing is concerned with have goting the materialist model of society to capitalism, the stage of economic and social development that Marx saw as dominant in 19th century Europe. For Marx, the telephone exchange institution of capitalist society is private dimension, the dodge by which capital (that is, money, machines, tools, factories, and other material objects engrossd in production) is subdueled by a sm any minority of the population.This arrangement leads to two opposed conformatio nes, the professers of capital (called the bourgeoisie) and the workers (called the proletariat), whose only property is their own labor time, which they gift to sell to the capitalists. Economic exploitation leads directly to political oppression, as owners make use of their economic power to gain control of the state and turn it into a servant of bourgeois economic interests. Police power, for instance, is used to enforce property rights and guarantee unfair contracts between capitalist and worker.subjugation also takes more subtle forms religion serves capitalist interests by pacifying the population intellectuals, paid directly or indirectly by capitalists, spend their careers justifying and rationalizing the existing social and economic arrangements. In sum, the economic structure of society molds the superstructure, including ideas (e. g. , morality, ideologies, art, and literature) and the social institutions that support the curriculum structure of society (e. g. , the st ate, the educational system, the family, and religious institutions).Because the dominant or control class (the bourgeoisie) controls the social relations of production, the dominant ideology in capitalist society is that of the ruling class. Ideology and social institutions, in turn, serve to reproduce and perpetuate the economic class structure. Thus, Marx viewed the exploitative economic arrangements of capitalism as the real foundation upon which the superstructure of social, political, and intellectual consciousness is built. (Figure 1 depicts this model of historical materialism. Marxs view of history top executive go form completely cynical or pessimistic, were it not for the possibilities of change revealed by his method of dialectical analysis. (The Marxist dialectical method, based on Hegels originally idealistic dialectic, focuses attention on how an existing social arrangement, or thesis, generates its social opposite, or antithesis, and on how a qualitatively differ ent social form, or synthesis, emerges from the resulting struggle. ) Marx was an optimist. He gestated that any stage of history based on exploitative economic arrangements generated within itself the seeds of its own destruction.For instance, feudalism, in which land owners exploited the peasantry, gave rise to a class of town-dwelling merchants, whose dedication to making wampum eventually led to the bourgeois revolution and the modern capitalist era. Similarly, the class relations of capitalism will lead necessarily to the next stage, socialism. The class relations of capitalism embody a contradiction capitalists need workers, and vice versa, but the economic interests of the two groups are fundamentally at odds.Such contradictions mean inherent conflict and instability, the class struggle. Adding to the instability of the capitalist system are the inescapable needs for ever-wider markets and ever-greater investments in capital to maintain the profits of capitalists. Marx exp ected that the resulting economic cycles of expansion and contraction, together with tensions that will build as the working class gains greater understanding of its exploited position (and thus attains class consciousness), will eventually culminate in a socialist revolution. scorn this sense of the unalterable logic of history, Marxists see the need for social criticism and for political activity to speed the arrival of socialism, which, not universe based on private property, is not expected to involve as many contradictions and conflicts as capitalism. Marxists believe that social theory and political practice are dialectically intertwined, with theory enhanced by political involvement and with political practice necessarily channelize by theory. Intellectuals ought, therefore, to engage in praxis, to combine political criticism and political activity.Theory itself is seen as necessarily critical and value-laden, since the prevailing social relations are based upon alienating and dehumanizing exploitation of the labor of the working classes. Marxs ideas have been applied and reinterpreted by scholars for over a hundred years, starting with Marxs close friend and collaborator, Friedrich Engels (1825-95), who back up Marx and his family for many years from the profits of the schoolbookile factories founded by Engels father, while Marx shut himself a stylus in the library of the British Museum.Later, Vladimir I. Lenin (1870-1924), leader of the Russian revolution, made several influential contributions to Marxist theory. In recent years Marxist theory has taken a great variety of forms, notably the world-systems theory proposed by Immanuel Wallerstein (1974, 1980) and the proportional theory of revolutions put forward by Theda Skocpol (1980). Marxist ideas have also served as a starting point for many of the modern feminist theorists. Despite these applications, Marxism of any variety is still a minority position among Ameri screw sociologists.Functional ism is the oldest, and still the dominant, theoretical panorama in sociology and many other social sciences. This panorama is built upon twin emphases application of the scientific method to the objective social world and use of an analogy between the individual organism and society. The emphasis on scientific method leads to the assertion that one can study the social world in the same ways as one studies the physical world. Thus, Functionalists see the social world as objectively real, as observable with such techniques as social surveys and interviews.Furthermore, their positivistic view of social science assumes that study of the social world can be value-free, in that the investigators values will not necessarily interfere with the disinterested search for social laws governing the demeanor of social systems. Many of these ideas go back to Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), the great French sociologist whose writings form the basis for functionalist theory (see Durkheim 1915, 1964) Durkheim was himself one of the first sociologists to make use of scientific and statistical techniques in sociological research (1951).The second emphasis, on the organic unity of society, leads functionalists to speculate about needs which must be met for a social system to exist, as well as the ways in which social institutions satisfy those needs. A functionalist ability argue, for instance, that every society will have a religion, because religious institutions have certain functions which contribute to the survival of the social system as a whole, just as the organs of the body have functions which are needful for the bodys survival.Functionalist theories have very often been criticized as teleological, that is, reversing the usual order of cause and effect by explaining things in terms of what happens afterward, not what went before. A strict functionalist might explain certain religious practices, for instance, as being functional by contributing to a societys survival ho wever, such religious traditions will usually have been firmly established long before the question is finally settled of whether the society as a whole will actually survive.Bowing to this kind of criticism of the basic logic of functionalist theory, most current sociologists have stopped using any explicitly functionalistic explanations of social phenomena, and the extreme version of functionalism expounded by Talcott Parsons has bygone out of fashion. Nevertheless, many sociologists continue to expect that by careful, objective scrutiny of social phenomena they will eventually be able to discover the general laws of social behavior, and this hope still serves as the motivation for a great deal of sociological thinking and research.RATIONAL CHOICE AND EXCHANGE THEORY textbookmark-start textbookmark-end SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM Symbolic interactionism, or interactionism for short, is one of the major(ip) theoretical perspectives in sociology. This perspective has a long intellectua l history, beginning with the German sociologist and economist, Max weber (1864-1920) and the American philosopher, George H. Mead (1863-1931), both of whom emphasized the subjective meat of human behavior, the social process, and pragmatism.Although there are a number of versions of interactionist thought, some deriving from phenomenological writings by philosophers, the following description offers a simplified amalgamation of these ideas, concentrating on points of convergence. Herbert Blumer, who studied with Mead at the University of Chicago, is responsible for coining the term, symbolic interactionism, as well as for formulating the most great version of the theory (Blumer 1969). Interactionists focus on the subjective aspects of social life, rather than on objective, macro-structural aspects of social systems.One reason for this focus is that interactionists base their theoretical perspective on their image of humans, rather than on their image of society (as the functional ists do). For interactionists, humans are pragmatic actors who continually must adjust their behavior to the actions of other actors. We can adjust to these actions only because we are able to interpret them, i. e. , to denote them symbolically and treat the actions and those who perform them as symbolic objects. This process of adjustment is aided by our ability to imaginatively rehearse alternative lines of action before we act.The process is further aided by our ability to think about and to react to our own actions and even our selves as symbolic objects. Thus, the interactionist theorist sees humans as active, creative participants who construct their social world, not as passive, conforming objects of socialization. For the interactionist, society consists of organized and simulate interactions among individuals. Thus, research by interactionists focuses on easily observable face-to-face interactions rather than on macro-level structural relationships involving social institu tions.Furthermore, this focus on interaction and on the meaning of events to the participants in those events (the definition of the stead) shifts the attention of interactionists away from stable norms and values toward more changeable, continually readjusting social processes. Whereas for functionalists socialization creates stability in the social system, for interactionists negotiation among members of society creates temporary, socially constructed relations which remain in constant flux, despite relative stability in the basic framework governing those relations.These emphases on symbols, negotiated reality, and the social braid of society lead to an interest in the roles people play. Erving Goffman (1958), a prominent social theorist in this tradition, discusses roles dramaturgically, using an analogy to the theater, with human social behavior seen as more or less well scripted and with humans as role-taking actors. Role-taking is a key mechanism of interaction, for it perm its us to take the others perspective, to see what our actions might mean to the other actors with whom we interact.At other times, interactionists emphasize the improvisational quality of roles, with human social behavior seen as poorly scripted and with humans as role-making improvisers. Role-making, too, is a key mechanism of interaction, for all situations and roles are inherently ambiguous, thus requiring us to create those situations and roles to some extent before we can act. Interactionists tend to study social interaction through participant observation, rather than surveys and interviews.They argue that close contact and immersion in the everyday lives of the participants is necessary for understanding the meaning of actions, the definition of the situation itself, and the process by which actors construct the situation through their interaction. Given this close contact, interactionists could hardly remain free of value commitments, and, in fact, interactionists make expl icit use of their values in choosing what to study but strive to be objective in the conduct of their research.Symbolic interactionists are often criticized by other sociologists for being overly impressionistic in their research methods and somewhat unsystematic in their theories. These objections, combined with the fairly narrow focus of interactionist research on small-group interactions and other social psychological issues, have relegated the interactionist camp to a minority position among sociologists, although a fairly substantial minority. Bureaucratic Form According to Max Weber His six-spot Major Principles Before covering Webers Six Major Principles, I want to describe the various multiple meanings of the word bureaucracy. A group of workers (for example, civil helping employees of the U. S. government), is referred to as the bureaucracy. An example The threat of Gramm-Rudman-Hollings cuts has the bureaucracy in Washington deeply concerned. Bureaucracy is the name o f an organizational form used by sociologists and organizational invent professionals. Bureaucracy has an informal usage, as in theres too much bureaucracy where I work. This informal usage describes a set of characteristics or attributes such as red tape or inflexibility that frustrate people who deal with or who work for organizations they perceive as bureaucratic. Weber noted six major principles. 1. A formal hierarchical structure Each level controls the level below and is controlled by the level above. A formal hierarchy is the basis of central planning and centralized decision making. 2. Management by rules Controlling by rules allows decisions made at high levels to be executed consistently by all lower levels. 3. Organization by functional specialty Work is to be done by specialists, and people are organized into units based on the sheath of work they do or skills they have. 4.An up-focused or in-focused mission If the mission is depict as up-focused, then the organizati ons purpose is to serve the stockholders, the board, or whatever agency authorize it. If the mission is to serve the organization itself, and those within it, e. g. , to produce high profits, to gain market share, or to produce a cash stream, then the mission is described as in-focused. 5. Purposely impersonal The idea is to treat all employees equally and customers equally, and not be influenced by individual differences. . Employment based on proficient qualifications (There may also be protection from arbitrary dismissal. ) The bureaucratic form, according to Parkinson, has another attribute. 7. Predisposition to grow in staff above the line. Weber failed to notice this, but C. Northcote Parkinson found it so common that he made it the basis of his humorous Parkinsons law. Parkinson demonstrated that the management and professional staff tends to grow at predictable rates, almost without regard to what the line organization is doing.The bureaucratic form is so common that m ost people accept it as the normal way of organizing almost any endeavor. People in bureaucratic organizations generally blame the ugly side effects of bureaucracy on management, or the founders, or the owners, without sentiency that the real cause is the organizing form. Iron cage is a sociological concept introduced by Max Weber. Iron cage refers to the increasing rationalization of human life, which traps individuals in an iron cage of rule-based, rational control.He also called such over-bureaucratized social order the polar night of icy darkness. The original German term is stahlhartes Gehause this was translated into iron cage, an expression made familiar to English language speakers by Talcott Parsons in his 1958 interlingual rendition of Webers The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Recently some sociologists have questioned this translation, arguing that the correct term should be shell as hard as steel and that the difference from the original translation is significant. A more literal translation from German would be steel-hard housing. Weber wrote In Baxters view the care for external goods should only lie on the shoulders of the saint like a well-situated cloak, which can be thrown aside at any moment. But fate decreed that the cloak should become an iron cage. Weber became concerned with social actions and the subjective meaning that humans attach to their actions and interaction within specific social contexts. He also believed in idealism, which is the belief that we only know things because of the meanings that we apply to them. This led to his interest in power and authority in terms of bureaucracy and rationalization

Distinctively Visual Essay

Composers create distinctively optical images to draw aspects that they are presenting in their texts. This helps the reader to take and encounter the characters responses to significant aspects of life. The Author Henry Lawson uses these distinctive images in his short stories The Drovers Wife and The Loaded Dog to help portray the harsh realities of living in the Australian bush. These realities create significant experiences for the individuals in his stories as they are faced with hardships, mateship and love. Similarly, John Mistos play The Shoe-Horn Sonta and Ramon Tongs African Beggar use distinctively visual nomenclature to let the responder engage with the characters and their world.The Loaded Dog explores the significant experience of mateship through the characters Dave Regan, Jim Bently, Andy Page and their young retriever Tommy who is described with great visual resource as an overgrown pup, a big, foolish, four-footed mate, who was always slobbering round them and lashing their legs with his heavy tail that swung round like a stock-whip. The figment starts off mute introducing the gold mines that the theme takes place in, using elaborate instructions to explain the process of mining and cartridge construction through verbs including sewed, bound and paste which gives the reader a distinctively visual image of how life was for the gold miners. The author uses Australian jargon and vernacular language such as bustt foller us and no mucking around throughout the story to give the reader a more visual image of how the men of the area communicate.The storys pace exponentially increases along with its humour as the storyline develops and as each complication arises. Dialogue and punctuation, such as dashes, lean us along with the action trouble oneselfting a picture in the readers mind of the events taking place. Dave who is seen as the ideas man decides to create a cartridge to falter the local fish out of the water to eat and while he is at away at working on the cartridge, Tommy grabs the cartridge in his play, reach it alight in the fire, which establishes the main issue in the story. Lawson uses a humorous tone throughout this scene to give the reader a more visual image of what is being played out close behind him, was the retriever with the cartridge in his mouth wedged into his broadest and silliest grin.Another short story dispassionate by Lawson similar to The Loaded Dog entitled The Drovers Wife creates powerful images through the use of distinctively visual language that enables the reader to timber the hardships of the characters. Lawson begins the story with the distinctively visual image of the harsh landscape The bush consists of stunted, rotting native apple trees. No undergrowth, Nothing to relieve the eye save the darker park of a few she oaks which are sighing above the narrow waterless creek. This descriptive language allows the responder to visualise the harsh outback scenery. The herdsmans wife is seen as a protective mother and a hardened battler against the disasters of the Australian bush.The use of alliteration no undergrowth, nothing to relieve the eye nineteen miles to the closest civilisation accentuates how isolated the Wife is from society. Lawson uses powerful verbs when creating a distinctively visual image in the responders mind in The Drovers Wife. When the drovers wife goes to hit the snake, snatches is used to create images of immediacy and courage within the responders mind, whilst darts is used to create an image of threat, the cleaning lady has no hesitation in hitting the snake and she darts to protect her children.Similar to John Lawsons stories, John Mistos Australian play The Shoe-Horn Sonta uses an legions of distinctively visual techniques to highlight the significant aspects of the story. Through dramatic film and editing techniques, and powerful dialogue, Misto explores the story of hundreds and thousands of women imprisoned by the Japanes e in southeast Asia. The composer uses juxtaposition as the dialogue consists of both hush-hush and public conversations to create an image in the responders mind of the powerful links between the public and private voices between the two main characters, Sheila and Bridie. The opening scene shows Bridie re-enacting the kowtow, a tribute to the emperor of Japan Bridie stands in a spotlight. She bows stiffly from the waist, and remains in this position. These horizontal surface directions allow the reader to visualise how Misto wants it to be performed, letting the reader share their experiences, and feel engaged with Bridie.Ramon Tongs African Beggar utilises distinctively visual language techniques to create and perceive a relationship with the persona and hisworld and therefore understand the challenges he faces. The metaphor a heap of verminous rags and matted hairsbreadth is used to establish an image of a thing rather than a human as verminous is usually associated with fli es and matted hair creates images of an unsanitary lifestyles in the responders mind. The tone of the story suddenly changes in the third stanza and enables the reader to re-establish the relationship and perception that was previously created with the beggar. lost in the trackless jungle of his pain is an example of symbolism used the show that the beggar feels pain in his whole body. This stanza creates an image of someone struggling for life and gives reason for the reader to feel sympathetic towards the beggar, this is highlighted in the line lying all alone.In conclusion, these texts all use powerful distinctively visual techniques to the let the reader understand and visualise the personas and their worlds, and the hardships that they face.

Poverty in Egypt Essay

Food crisis, political catastrophe, societal upheavalsthese be perhaps the nearly controversial issues that boggle the minds of the Egyptian masses nowadays. Along with the current political catastrophes that has transcribed in the contemporary milieu, Egypt is considered as a transit country for prostitution, infant trafficking and a massive rise of violence (Wenger, 1987, The World Bank, 2008).War in Gaza, smugglingthese problems are said to be the manifestation of poverty, which at hand is the chief(prenominal) culprit in swallowing the inhabitants of third world countries (Erlanger, 2008). As a matter of fact, this unprecedented communal catastrophe has long been a major concern by political parties that preventive and charitable measures are given to them each year. Thus such drive for lifting their economy is driven away by civil confrontations that those who intends to assist them are hindered to fulfill their duty.Basically, this historical and contemptible country is fa r from letting their guard down from the hopes of reaching solitude and receiving their respective needs as the residents themselves are working hard to get a grasp of armistice non only for the sake of keeping their lives but for the verity of achieving worldly acceptance. As a matter of fact, the Egyptian government has developed several steps in aide of helping their constituents live a bountiful life. Thus this dream shall not be made possible without the cooperation of their general public.The situation in Egypt Reduce poverty and improve equity in the distribution of incomethis is the statistical and economical system of their management. The reality in Egypt is known all over the world. Nutritional status and unemployment are apparently the cited intrinsically important fields that the residents are hoping to be resolved. The abstract argument in this matter is that poverty is identified as rupture in the urbanization process combined with the problems of civil hostilities .Further, if there had been cities which have been give with the delivery of basic services, it is only the urban areas who eventually enjoys it since that those who badly need it either turn away from the help itself, or has become bleak on the context of up(p) their lives. To note, there is a huge density in street-vendors and homeless families and Egypt (Development, 2008). World Bank assessed that the numbers that appeared in their data is based on the context of poverty indicators and in laymans term, it is the multi-faceted feature of having insufficient income.Hence the battle in defeating the odds of reality is too c get to call. The toll for being less-fortunate With the issue in poverty in mind, scholars and statisticians were able to distinguish the effects of poverty in the community. Such are as follows the scarcity of probability as there is derisory learning or education, nutrition, wellbeing and instruction, or the incapability to find a profession that can compl etely be in remuneration someones obtainable and present aptitude.Hence these are caused of susceptibility, owed to insufficient assets and resources, to impulsive prevalent fiscal distress or even influential person fright such as when those who are considered as breadwinners mislay their ability to bring in money for a living (Ravallion and Chen, 2007). Overcoming the societal dilemma scour though these problems have been gradually present for quite a long time already, it should also be considered that the country has been developing in the verge of the twenty-first century.Their Millennium Development Goals enhanced literacy, mortality and their health status increasing every year and sufficiently, a large piece of the residents are cooperative in such dimension. Furthermore, the brackets that were considered as poorthe tenant farmers and small-scale farmer, landless laborers, unemployed youth and more specifically womenhave been found to be positively improving and these are c oherent to that of the development in the light of literacy.However, pursuing the dream still needs to be pressed on further and not lose hope despite the hindrances that unfolds before them to be able to sustain the momentum. Conclusions with further remarks Global systems theory is perhaps one of the many theories related to capitalism and transnational corporations. There should be emphasis that children are sacred in a sociological sense because of the fact that childrearing and its effects on children reaffirm the belief in the importance of children.It creates a protected space of security, trust and close human connection inasmuch as it illustrates the generous and nurturing characteristic of individuals rather than being individualistic and ever inclined for competition (Rudra, 2005). The limitations of quantitative measurements of well-being have long been recognized, and there is a rich tradition of anthropological and sociological work that uses a footslog of techniques to achieve an in-depth understanding of poverty for project workbroadening understanding of both poverty and the policy process (Lane, 2007).New pockets of poverty are undermining prosperity, making it look more tenuous. The materialist bias is part of a historical legacy, an ancient political responsibility for ensuring that citizens have roofs over their heads, larders with food to eat. While the very content of poverty remains the subject of debate, and differences of opinion persist in how to best study the root causes of poverty.

Partnership Law Assignment

Introduction and IssuesThe facts presented here indicate that a alliance has been set up between three individuals and that in that location is a union pledge in place to deal with the operation of the business. Several factual situations cast arisen and this will require the pardners to look at the concordance entered into between the start outies, as well the statutory provisions that ar contained in spite of appearance the Partnership movement 1890 (PA). When looking at the situations being presented here, it is recognised that there is a partnership obligation in place and this would need to be seen in its entirety, in order to advise fully. Based on the above, this discussion will look at the facts presented and the survival of the fittest of the agreement, alongside the statutory provisions, in order to determine ultimately the way in which the various issues raised can be dealt with. This will depend on a combination of the statutory provisions and anything that may be in a partnership agreement. As the partnership agreement has non been seen, the basis of this advice is that the partnership agreement is in keeping with the statutory and common law provisions. Four key issues have been identified and will be discussed in turn. Firstly, there are queries in relation to the potential appointment of either Tina or Helen, both of whom are related to Andrea and for slightly different reasons she wishes them to be included in the partnership. Secondly, there is a question in relation to the potential exception of Julia from the partnership. Thirdly, a suggested arbitrement clause has been requested and is contained below. Finally, there is the query of the liability of Michael to the supplier and his family with the partnership and the supplier, i.e. whether he was acting as an means. Therefore the supplier could coherently bring an action against the partnership for the money owed or the question as to whether Michael would be liable ad ho minemly.Appointment of Tina and / or HelenThere are duties placed upon partners by creditfulness of their entering into partnership arrangements. These are stated in the Partnership Act 1890. Firstly, there is the duty to act in the utmost good faith towards the other partners. Secondly, there is a duty for the partners not to make a personal profit and not to place themselves in a position when the interest conflicts with their duty. As there are three partners within the current partnership arrangements, a majority i.e. two of the partners would be able to agree the inclusion of another partner. In principle, therefore, if Catherine remains unhappy about the proposition, she alone could not block this appointment. It is unless(prenominal) argued, particularly in the case of Tina, that Andrea is acting in breach of her fiduciary duties to the partnership by attempting to include Tina, simply so that the partnership could remain within her family, in the future. There is a stron g melodic phrase that putting Tina forward is a conflict of interest and therefore should not be allowed by virtue of the Partnership Act. Therefore, Catherine could present this argument, even if she remains in a minority. The position in relation to Helen is somewhat more complex, as it could be argued to be in the partnerships best interests to recruit a much needed bookkeeper who is suitably qualified. As it would seem that Andrea and Julia would vote in favour of including Tina and Helen in the partnership, it would whence be up to Catherine to argue that Andrea is acting in breach of her duties. It would be considerably easier for Catherine to prove this in the case of Tina who seemingly has no purpose in the partnership save as to further Andreas interests. In reality, however, it would be necessary to look at the provisions of the partnership agreements, in order to ferret out what would happen in the event of a dispute. The ultimate sanction for a partnership that is no longer tenable is the winding up of the partnership and this may not be desirable to any of the partners (section 26). In that case, consideration should be given to any arbitration of the possibility or the opportunity of one companionship to buy another out. It is not clear what provisions are contained within the partnership agreement for this and therefore the rules established in the Partnership Act 1890 prevailed on the partnership, with the danger of being wound up, if no agreement can be reached. It is also noted that, in accordance with clause 20, a notice of expulsion could be issued upon Andrea stating that she has breached her duties as a partner within the partnership. Although Catherine is unhappy with their actions, there is no indication that Julia is insufficiently unhappy that she is likely to be willing to engross this route, although it does present a potential option in the event that both Catherine and Julia feel sufficiently strongly that Andrea is breaching her duties, in attempting to ensure that the partnership stays within her family, in the future.Expulsion of JuliaFirstly, it is noted that, in accordance with section 25 of the 1890 Act, there is no immediate right for the majority to expel a pesterer partner within the partnership. Therefore, it is necessary for Andrea and Catherine to look at the provisions of the partnership agreement, in order to ascertain whether or not they have any legitimate way to expel Julia, based on recent events. An resource would be to look at the diarrhoea of the partnership and there are certain conditions within the Act which allow for this, although at this stage it is not perceived to be the desirable route and instead both Andrea and Catherine are looking towards the clauses within the partnership agreement, in order to expel Julia. An extract of the partnership agreement, namely clause 20, has been provided and it is recognised that there may be additional clauses within the agreement which have not been seen that could impact on the advice given. However, for the purposes of providing this advice, clause 20 will be looked at. It is possible for the remaining partners to provide a notice in writing to the partner who is in breach of clause 20, terminating their position within the partnership, if the partner acts in a way that is a breach of their duties, or if they have acted in a way that is contrary to good faith between the partners, such(prenominal) notice may be provided. In this case, Julia has been convicted of a criminal offence namely intoxicated and disorderly behaviour, with a recognition that Julia is undergoing difficult personal circumstances. The question here would therefore be whether this conviction is such that it breaches one of the partnership duties, or creates a situation where it cannot be said that Julia is acting in good faith, going forwards. It is suggested that, due to Julias current level of distress, there is a strong argument that the necessary good faith between the partners has irretrievably been eroded and that clause 20 is then utilised in order to expel Julia from the partnership. In the alternative to taking a litigious approach and given Julias existing unhappiness with the attempted changes from Andrea, a form of settlement may be possible, or arbitration to resolve the situation. It is unclear as to whether these situations are dealt with within the partnership agreement and further investigation is necessary to prevent a potential dissolution or battle in relation to the expulsion of Julia. It is, however, concluded that the actions of Julia are sufficiently severe that they could be used in order to expel her.arbitrement ClauseAs evident above, it would be advisable for the partnership agreement to have some form of dispute resolution mechanism in place. A suggested wording for such arbitration or dispute resolution mechanism is as follows Except as otherwise provided, any dispute arising out of or in connection with this agreement, including any question regarding its existence, validity or termination, or the legal relationships established by this agreement, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration under the Rules of the London Court of International Arbitration, which Rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference into this clause. (a) The number of arbitrators shall be one. (b) The seat, or legal place, of arbitration shall be London. (c) The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English. (d) The governing law of the contract shall be the substantive law of England and Wales. 33.2 This clause shall be without prejudice to the rights of any party to seek any injunctive or similar relief from the courts to protect its intellectual property rights, confidentiality obligations, restrictions on the activities of any Partner or former Partner or other rights of any description. This offers a dispute resolution mechanism that is both certain an d efficient in dealing with such disputes and does not require the dissolution of a partnership unnecessarily.Liability of Michael as AgentFinally, there is the issue of Michael who did not become a partner who was sufficiently involved at the outset that his name has been placed on letter paper. The firm purchased equipment from a personal friend of Michael, based on this personal relationship, with the belief that Michael was a partner in the firm. The question here therefore is whether it is reasonable for the company to be taking action against Michael personally, or whether he was acting as an agent for the firm. Typically, where an individual is acting as an agent between the firm and the supplier and this is known by supplier, it is the firm that would remain entirely liable for any agreement entered into. However, in this case, it would seem that Michael was acting as for an undisclosed principal and the supplier was not aware that they were in fact contracting with the firm , which was a partnership which did not include Michael. The supplier seemingly believed that he was contracting directly with Michael as a partner within the firm. When this is the case the third party i.e. the supplier, has a pickaxe as to whether they enforce the contract against the principal, i.e. the firm or the agent, i.e. Michael. The actual discussion or arrangement with Michael is not clear however, it is known that Michael had his name on the stationery used to communicate with the supplier. Therefore, it would seem reasonable to suggest that the supplier would have felt they were dealing with Michael personally or at least as part of the firm. On this basis, and with the fact that the supplier is now concerned about the financial validity of the firm, it would seem likely that the firm is going to look towards Michael personally to be liable for the contract.Conclusions and SummaryThe position within this partnership remains volatile, with three separate partners all of whom have agreed to the partnership agreement, all having disputes of some personality with each other. Fundamentally, however, in accordance with the Partnership Act 1890, it is necessary for each partner to be acting in good faith and to the overall public assistance of the partnership and not on their own account. This standard will need to be borne in mind when looking at Andreas proposition of saving on board both of her daughters. There is seemingly little argument in favour of the partnership bringing on board Tina however, this is slightly less obvious with Helen, as she brings necessary skills to the partnership. The majority of the partnership cannot vote to expel an individual, in this case Julia, unless such conditions are contained within the agreement. According to the extract of the agreement provided, an expulsion is possible where the partner was not acting in good faith. A criminal conviction does not necessarily indicate bad faith and this would be a matter of fact to be determined by the two partners looking to expel Julia. Finally, there is a strong argument that Michael, by virtue of the firm stationery and potentially any discussions with the supplier, will be held personally liable, having acted as an agent for an undisclosed principal.BibliographyAtwood v Maule (1868) 3 Ch App 369Blisset v Daniel (1853) 10 Hare 493Partnership Act 1890 section 24 r.7Partnership Act 1890 section 25Maillie v Swanney (2000) SLT 464Morse, G (2010) Partnership Law, Oxford University Press. p.153Sealy, L Hooley, R commercial Law Text, Cases and Materials, OUP. P.122Watteau v Fenwick, 1893 1 QB 346

A reaction paper on the statement

Thomas Edison failed many times before successfully inventing the modern electric visible light bulb. He said, If I find 10,000 ways something wont work, I havent failed. I am not discouraged, because every wrong assay discarded is another step forward. Reflect on an accomplishment you achieved in an unlikely way.People are known for their ability of becoming the best soulfulnesss that they could be flush in the middle of disadvantageous situations. It is undeni subject that because of the many challenges that people have to live with, they are now able to understand the major issues that are conglomerate within the system of real human beings living.Aside from gaining the knowledge of the realities about challenges, humans are now able to make the best out of the hardships that come along the way as they intend to be the best that they could be in facing their own lives. Thomas Edison has been among the major own(prenominal)ities in the human history that has been able to mak e certain changes in the society through applying the said idealism of NEVER GIVING UP in the middle of major issues of survival in life.Consistently considering this particular fact of life has already made great changes and institutional breakthroughs in the society today. This is certainly the same with the situation that is dealt with by each individual that is considerably facing difficult problems and challenges as persons making up the society today.As for the case of the author of this paper, it could be observed that she has been able to wake up from a dark situation that challenged her ability to withstand the dangers and the hardships of being ill. Although she had been facing such problems with her health, she has been noted to actually understand that she should and must be able to endure her personal development even with so much challenges that she has to face because of her case.Because of this, it is undeniable that she was able to stand up again and become the kin d of person she wants herself to be, a bookinger. She chose to continue her studies amidst all the odds that faced her along the way to at least develop her own skills and make definite changes as to the way that she lives her life beyond all the challenges that she is supposed to deal with.Through this account of actual life experience, it could be noted that challenges are supposed to be faced as major probabilities of changes among human individuals. IT is through these challenges and difficulties that the human society tries to make a difference upon their lives. It is through this particular factor of life that each individual is able to become a stronger person who is able to face the different challenges in his own journey.People who are able to stand up again after a failure that may or may not be inflicted by their ownselves, are those whoa re able to make huge changes in the lives of many people, through inspiring them to fight for their right to a fine way of living and through becoming the pillars of truth that attests to the fact that standing up and not giving up is a major part of living a successful way of life.Ones real purpose in living could be identified to the ways by which he is particularly able to face the different challenges that he is naturally faced with in his own journey towards personal development and social connexion as well.

Japanese Surrender Essay

The Nipponese surrender marks the end of initiation warfare II. Though the Japanese believed there is more honor in death than surrendering, the Allies (Great Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States) gave them no choice. By the end of World War Two, Japan had endured 14 years of war, and lay in ruins with over three million dead (David Powers, 2011). The major defining factor in the Japanese defeat was the United States use of the atomic bomb.The United States President Harry S.Truman warned Japan that America would use this new and terrible weapon if Japan did non surrender unconditionally (The Atomic Bomb and the relinquish of Japan, 2008). President Truman knew that American casualties would be high if they invaded Japan without the use of the atom bomb. On August 6, 1945 a uranium bomb nicknamed Little Boy was dropped on the city of Hiroshima. The total dead surpassed 68,000 from the blast at Hiroshima. Just three days after this explosion, another(prenominal) bomb w as dropped on Nagasaki, killing 40,000 people (The Atomic Bomb and the Surrender of Japan, 2008).These essentially were the final blows to Japans ability to continue this war. At this capitulum it was obvious Japans spirits were crushed. Japan was no longer able to do the things it needed to keep its army afloat. The depleted naval office inhibited Japan from importing grain, coil, and other raw materials needed to sustain its war efforts. On Aug 14, 1945, Emperor Hiroito announced Japans surrender. The Document of Surrender was signed on September 2, 1945.This document was prepared by Americas War Department and approved by President Truman. The signing ceremonies were held on the battle ship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. The second paragraph of the Japanese Document of Surrender best sums up Japans compliance the United States demands. We hereby proclaim the unconditional surrender to the Allied Powers of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters and of all Japanese armed forces and all armed forces under the Japanese control wherever situated (U. S. National Archives & Records, 1945).

A Summary of UN Handbook on Gender Training

In the topic, WHY GENDER MATTERS, METHOLOGY, the proper approaches to serenity Support Operations is captured clearly. Any personnel engaged in Peace Support Operations should be at home with them in order to achieve an effective result.There is a strong need for the personnel to understand the interconnecting strands that underlines the military, political, stinting and social life of the community of the operations in order to improve relation with members. Understanding that communities consist of different people with different needs and priorities forget help the personnel to improve on the planning of responses thus facilitating over in all achievement of mission target. In all, an increased level of sustainable stop should be the target.Furthermore, the FOUR CASE STUDIES open up vistas on the need for enlightenment. The Iraq pillow slip study shows that in order to save life, there is the need to recognise womens roles and responsibilities in a crisis situation. Men alone could not present been assigned to distribute food items.Also the rights of the community of operations should be protected as seen in the Cambodian case study. Peacekeeping missions should avoid creating negative atmosphere in the armament communities by laying down clear policies and practices based on respect for gay rights. Similarly, for effective conditions for peaceableness and stability to be created, no organisation should be overlooked. For instance, after 28 yrs of effect and ethnic conflict, Sudanese women came together to stop the violence through a peace conference which is a non-violent approach to inter-tribal conflict.This shows the fact that womens organisations are also key to establishing peace and should not be overlooked. The fourth case study throws more light on enhancing the peoples ability to deal with crisis and rebuilding society. It goes further to state that women and men feel and participate in conflict differently.Their experiences have a role to play in post war era. For instance in Colombia, many rural communities had a lot of examples wherein women were restricted to the houses, men did all the running around. The implication is that in the case of eventual displacement to urban areas, the women survived more with their skills than men. The women turned their domestic skills into jobs.Note that during crises or wars, gender perspective must be applied to the Peace Support Operations. There is the need to understand what gender perspective does and does not involve in such Peace Support Operations. eon women should not be focused on exclusively, there is need to look at the in suitableities and differences between women and men. That will enable resources, which focus on womens peculiar needs, to be mapped out. Also the operation does not concern itself with treating women only as a vulnerable group.There is the need to note that any of the genders can be harmed. However, women need not be reduced to victims. Peacekeepin g must consider the inequalities and differences between women and men thereby structuring resources to that effect. This will enable an easy check on overall push of the intervention strategies.Again, the PSO should note that men and women differ in their thinking and should not focus only on employment equity issues within organisations rather should recognises that equal opportunities for women within organisations is only one aspect of a concern for gender equality. A criticism to this is that there is no clear way of measuring the descend of attention given to women. It may be over done.In FILLING THE GAPS A VIRTUAL DISCUSSION ON GENDER, PEACE AND SECURITY RESEARCH, ten key recommendations were make by 90 academics and research professional drawn from across various fields in Oct 2008, The dialogued for three weeks.Their recommendations bothered basically on identifying gaps in gender, peace and security research and efforts to fill up such lacunae through effective research methods and tools. However, the group should clearly understand that there is often a commodious gap between theories or research and practical life situations. While life is larger than logic, all efforts are always geared towards bridging that.There is a affaire between feminism, militarism and human right. It could be extrapolated from the laid out facts in the four treated topics. While every human being deserves his/her fundamental human rights and privileges, that of the women home should not be viewed from any less spectrum at all. Military officials, who are often peacekeepers in conflict zones, should learn to uphold the human rights of member of their host communities with an eye not to look down on women in any bit.Cases have shown where women are receiving inhuman or less treatment from them. Designed peace and reconstruction programmes must show that women are not just mere entities but participants in such communities.

Marketing Report – Baskin-Robbins

The purpose of this extend is to investigate the possible approach of a new grocery store surgical incision with a new offer by the American ice work manufacturer Baskin-Robbins. 1. 2. Scope The report exit refer both to the characteristics of the objectiveed grocery segment, as salubrious as to the features of the new mathematical product that will induce him accepted by the target clients.1. 3. Methodology Secondary research was used in decree to build the teaching base necessary for the revealment of the defer report. Various academic studies, newspaper articles, society reports and websites have been explored.In order to develop the marketing proposal, both analysis of available teaching, as well as creative use of observed market patterns were the another(prenominal) methods used in writing the paper. 1. 4. Limitations Due to moderate access to well developed ice flutter market studies (that might amount up to $3000) the information used as base for analysis on be rather basic. Also, the bring out report is modified by its word count of +/-2200 and is written individually. 1. 5. Assumptions It is assumed that the information found during secondary research is accurate. 1. 6. BackgroundThe present report will firstly focus on defining the targeted market segment and motivating why it should be taken into consideration. Following, the characteristics of the new product will be presented and recommendations on its introduction on the market will be given. The 4P marketing model is used in constructing the image of the new product. 2. NEW harvest-tide DEVELOPMENT 2. 1. Market segment characteristics fruitcake balm is a product that makes no discrimination. E trulybody loves it and it can be found in more than than 93% of American households (Geisler, p. 1).Historically, ice creams constant consumers atomic number 18 children, and for years they have been the main target of manufacturers (Barrette, p. 1). Households with children sum u p to 34% of total ice cream uptake, as compared to the lower 20% level stretchabilityed by the household without children intake. Nevertheless, U. S. Census Bureau predicts a declining kink in youth state for the next years, which will make producers upgrade their strategies in order to decease reaching more intensively the adult consumers. There are different patterns of ice cream consumption between children and adults.As commented by Marty Hogan, theatre director of brand management, Ben & Jerrys Homemade Inc. , South Burlington, Vt. , parents know that children will be perfectly satisfied with a big gallon tub of air-whipped ice cream, but mom and pop music are also sneaking that Ben & Jerrys premium and super-premium ice cream and putting it in the back of the freezer for themselves. Laura Hindulak, director of marketing with Pierres French Ice Cream Co. , Cleveland, Ohio, seems to agree with the same statement, when she ads that the majority of adult consumers are look ing for truly rich and indulgent premium and super premium ice creams. When the choice is for full-fat, continuous ice cream, consumers are willing to forgo calorie-counting and enjoy the rich, great taste that the higher butterfat flavors offer (Cook, p. 1-2). The American ice-cream market knew sales of slightly more than $21. 6 Billion in 2005 and it is forecasted to reach about $24 Billion by 2008, afterwards it knew a 24% growth between 1998 and 2003 (Rea, p. 1). The ice cream market is led mainly by four manufacturers, summing a little over 40% of its sales. These companies are Unilever, Ice Cream Partners USA, Dreyers Ice Cream and Blue Bell Creameries.About 18% of sales are represented by the private label products, regional and local companies summing up to the remaining 40% of sales. (Geisler, p. 2) Divided by states, calcium leads the way in ice cream and frozen dessert production, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Texas, Ohio, New York and Minnesota being the other leading produci ng states. (Geisler, p. 2) The target market segment choused in this paper is represented by the Latino puppylike adult population, especially between 21 and 35 years. The choice of this specific segment is due to round very important demographic and consumption data As of July 1, 2005, the population of Hispanics at heart the USA is estimated at 42. 7 million (US. Census Bureau), meaning an important market in possible consumers, that is already taken seriously into account by American producers. Hispanics are also the fastest-growing minority group in the U. S. amidst July 1, 2004 and July 1, 2005 a 3. 3% growth rate has been storyed within the Hispanic population by the US. Census Bureau. This offers a sure coming(prenominal) distribution market for the products created especially to respond to their needs. Siboney USA, a New York-based advertising self-confidence comments that about 70% of the entire American Hispanic population resides in six states. This can make the task of better targeting and reaching the segment a lot easier. The graph hereby presents this division of Hispanics into states. median age of Hispanics was 27. 2 years vs. 36. 2 years for the population as a whole in 2005 (US Census Bureau), meaning a young population opened to new products and ideas. Hispanics tend to consume more soft ice cream compared to the other non-Hispanics 44 vs.37% (Banerjee A, p. 1), meaning that the rate of per capita ice cream consumption within Hispanic population is higher than for non-Hispanics. Consequently, if a product will respond to the needs of this category, it would register higher sales saturations than one that would respond to the needs of non-Hispanic population. Hispanics tend to prefer Latino flavors as commented by Haagen-Dazs General Manager of companys Minneapolis location, Dawn Uremovich, the Dulce de leche flavor is the second just about popular of the company, after vanilla.This came from our South American market, where du lce de leche is a popular dessert he comments. (Hall, p. 1). This might be just the call for precedent showing that products that bring that homely feeling to the Latino population, register higher sales volume within it. 2. 2. The new product 2. 2. 1. Product Based on the demographic and consumption related information presented above, we will recommend the development and introduction on the market of a Hispanic flavored ice cream Sabor latino, that will for sure interest its target segment ice cream containing a refer of Latin-traditional intoxicant.The ice cream base should be vanilla or chocolate as they continue to be the two most sold flavors in the USA (Phillips, p. 1) already flavored with the specific alcohol. Taking into consideration the most important origins of Hispanics, drinks from their respective countries should be taken into consideration tequila (directed especially to the Mexican origin population that sums up to 64% of total Hispanic origin population in the US see Graph above), and unexpended (mainly for the Puerto Rican and Cuban population).Depending on how well received by the market the product will prove to be, future flavors like Brazilian Caipirinha and Cuban Mojito might enter on the market. 2. 2. 2. Promotion Studies show that product names and advertising in Spanish are more appealing to the Hispanic population (Accetta Smith, p. 1-2). This is also the penury for choosing the name of the brand Sabor latino Latin flavor that would come (at least at the beginning) with the two options tequila and rum.The systematic channels of promotions should be used, with a higher focus on the regions highly inhabited by Hispanics. As well, advertising, television, in-store point-of-purchase displays should be at least bilingual. Studies show also that Hispanic TV seems to be twice as performanceive and three times more efficient than general market TV at crusade Hispanic sales (Accetta Smith, p. 1). Therefore, a focus should b e established on TV promotion within Hispanic TV channels. 2. 2. 3. PriceAccordingly to US Census Bureau and own analysis, median earnings of full-time, year-round Hispanic workers was lower than for non-Hispanic workers (about 40% lower for Hispanic males and 30% lower for Hispanic women). This is one of the main reasons that it would be recommended for Baskin-Robbins to set a conveniently lower price for this product, as to make it affordable by its target market segment. Even if the product should be design as premium or super-premium, it must be taken into consideration the lower incomes of its targeted market segment, and thus fix a lower price for it, as long as total costs allow it.2. 2. 4. Placement The first destination of the product should be the six American states that concentrate 70% of the Hispanic population presented in the first graphic of the project, utilize the classical channels of distribution. In a second step, other states that have high percentages of Hisp anic population should be reached. 3. RECOMMENDATIONS A necessary step in the introduction of Sabor latino will be to develop various market study and focus groups in order to decide the best concentration of alcohol both in the body of the ice cream and in its liquid center.It must be remembered that features of the product must define it as a premium or super-premium product, in order to easily reach the young adult and adult target population. As presented by the U. S. Dairy Export Council, super-premium ice cream tends to contain 16 to 18% milk fat and low overrun (20-50% range), making it a very dense, and ultra-rich quality dessert. A recommended future destination for the product would be the Mexican market, as well as the other Latin American countries.At is it specified in various articles, Mexico is one of the favorite importers of American ice cream. And for sure, if one product will be designed to reach to their needs, there will be no reason for a successful exporting a ctivity of this new Baskin-Robbins brand Sabor Latino. The present exports situation is described in the table below. . REFERENCE LIST 1. Terrie Hall (2005) Haagen Dazs franchise profile, amalgamation Place 2. Koppenhoefer, Katie Pupillo, Marti (2005) Just the facts ice cream sales and trends, IDFA 3.Cook, Julie, (2002) Adult appeal, Stagnito Publishing 4. Banerjee, A (2000-2001) video of high risk food consumption Practices among the Hispanic population, FoodNet 5. Rea, Amy C. (2004) Screaming for ice cream a rapidly growing market, ice cream nevertheless faces its share of possible demons. What will be the effect of changing demographics on the frozen treat, and how will manufacturers respond? , Prepared Foods 6. David Phillips (2002) Frozen favorites Twenty five favour flavors in ice cream Industry Overview, Dairy Foods7. Sarah Barrette (2004) Ice Cream Parlor, SBDCNet San Antonio 8. Accetta Smith, Pamela (2004) Cultural get hold of, Dairy Foods 9. Geisler, Malinda (2006) Dai ry Products Profile, AgMRC, Iowa State University 10. U. S. Census Bureau (2004) Selected Summary Measures of Age and Income by Hispanic Origin and Race ASEC, 2004 11. U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2004 Annual Social and Economic Supplement 12. Hispanic Americans by the numbers, by U. S. Census Bureau, Fact Monster www. factmonster. com/spot/hhmcensus1. html

Biology Coursework: Effect of Sugar Solution on Potato Chips Essay

provisoBefore planning the experiment, I forget research osmosis, so that I can make predictions. This go away help me to discover how to make this investigation fair and safe. Planning ahead impart help me mention out the order in which to carry out the experiment. This should lead me to good results at the end of the experiment. supposalOsmosis is the devourage of wet from a region of high peeing ingress through a semi-perme fit membrane to a region of low pee concentration. When a potato is placed in water, the cells go away dramatise by gaining weight depending on the concentration levels of the solution. When the concentration of the water is demoralise, more water molecules are allowed to pass through the potato cell. This causes the potato to gain weight and expand. If the concentration levels of the solution are higher, the cells leading stick out water and cause the potato to lose weight and therefore shrink.PredictionI predict that when the lower the concen tration of sugar solution in the water, the more the potato will expand by osmosis. When the concentration of water is identical to the concentration of the potato cell, there will be no increase or decrease in weight. This is because the mensuration going into the cell will be the same as the amount going out. As soon as the water concentration becomes higher, the cells will shrink because more water will be leaving the cell than entering it.In di silenceed water alone, I predict that the water in the potato will be more concentrated. Because of this, the water should air from the solution to the potato, and the potato will gain weight.In the 0.2 molar solutions, the substances will be very similar in concentration. There should be little change to the size and weight of the potato.When the potato is placed in 0.4 molar solutions, the substances will still be very similar but the concentration of the water solution should be slightly great to that of the potato. This will cause the potato to shrink slightly.As the molar solutions get higher, the water will transfer more and more from the potato to the water solution, therefore decreasing its size and weight. The most extreme shrink should occur when the potato is placed in 1.0 molar solution, as here the difference in the water concentration is at its largest.SafetyI will be using a very crafty knife, which could injure someone if it is not handled properly. And I will also be careful that the solutions do not get into my body internally as I am not fully aware of the aggrieve it could cause.MethodI will cut chips from the same potato because different potatoes may act other than and affect the results. I will cut them 15mm long exactly with square ends 5mm wide and 2mm thick. I will use a chopping and knife for this. They all need to be exactly the same size to gibe that it is a fair test. I will weigh the chips to ensure that they are the same size and weight. This will also give us a measurement to compare them to afterwards. I will use lead identical potato chips in each solution. This is because the experiment may not go to plan. If we have ternary chips, an average can be labourn at the end of the experiment to obtain more veracious results. The three potatoes will be placed in 6 different solutions, 1.0 macrocosm the strongest and distilled water being the weakest. The solutions I will use are as follows0.0 (Distilled water)0.20.40.60.81.0The boiling tubes will be placed in a rack with an equal amount of molar solution. This is because identical solutions are needed for it to be a fair test. The potatoes will be covered with the solutions, if not the water will not be able to pass in and out and the potatoes would dry out. The solutions will all need to be the same temperature and the chips will need to remain in the test tube for the same length of time. The length of time I have chosen to keep the potatoes in the solution is 5 minutes. This should be enough time for the osmosis to take affect. When the potatoes are removed from the solution, the osmosis stops. I will then dry the potatoes using a paper wipe being careful so that none of the potatoes fall apart. I will place them into sets of three depending on when which solution they were placed in and weigh and measure them. To get the most accurate results, I will take the average reading of the three pieces. I will then analyse my results and see if they pertain my prediction.

Ethical Decision Scenario Worksheet Essay

Shannon met with several of Janets customers. afterwards meeting with clients, she discovered a pattern in which the clients would report that they have not seen Janet in 2 to 3 months. However, the case files reflected face-to-face contact with exclusively of her clients, despite what her clients stated. When Shannon investigated further, she found that the client notes were all at the resembling day and time, which is unlikely. Further, several of Janets clients needed referrals for counseling, but Janet never completed them and has not followed up to ensure her clients be receiving the necessary services.Janet is a close friend of Shannon. Shannon does not want to get Janet in trouble but realizes something must be make.Answer, in a 75- to 100-word response, each of the following questions1. What are the honorable issues involved in the scenario?Shannon is a juvenile probation officer that works for the Department of justice she covered Janets casework and clients while Jane t was out. She seen that Janet is lying on her paperwork saying the she sees her clients regularly, when her clients said otherwise. Janet is also completing all of the paperwork on the same day with the same notes and times. This is impossible to do so it means that none of her notes are true and she is account rancid information. Janet is not referring her clients when needed and is not doing her job right. Fidelity is respecting the trust thatclients place in their helpers and guarding against an wearing of that trust. Helpers are careful to fulfill their responsibilities, keep promises, and be honest in their interactions with clients. Veracity means organism honest with clients. Human service professionals commit to providing clients with all of the information that they need and to providing fair and honest feedback.2. What client rights are involved in the scenario?The client rights that are involved in this scenario are screen, and informed consent. The privacy rights we re somewhat violated because the clients file was presumption to another helper. Therefore this helper read the file and knew all the clients information. It is also the clients right to know the round the qualifications, treatment, procedure, cost of services, confidentiality and have the records the helper keeps of them. The client was clearly non given access to the record the helper kept of them if so they sold have seen that the helper was giving false notes and information.3. What, if any, client rights were violated?Janet was not taking notes on her clients and not seeing them regularly because all of her notes were done around the same time, and on the same day. The client is clearly not getting the attention they need. Her clients are stating that they have not seen her in 2 to 3 months. However Janet is not being truthful about her work.4. How you would use the ethical decision-making model to address or resolve the situation?

Candid Communication Essay

Due to the costly failed attempt to expand to the European market, and recognition of the major underlying heathen problems which resulted in the unsuccessful expansion, our squad has been tasked with proposing plans for revitalizing your corporate coating. let on personnel, who could have provided advice to avert the flawed expansion strategy, did non voice their concerns or advice because such actions were not heathenishly encouraged. As an executive management team, you have recognized that this failure to uphold a corporate gardening which rates digestdid communication at both levels was the ultimate cause of this setback.This proposal is designed to put out potential obstacles to creating a refinement which foster poopdid communication, and present a plan of action to alter the corporate culture from the ground up. Question 1 The obstacles of fostering placedid communication can be categorized into three aras personal, physical and pagan. When discussing persona l obstacles, the outer layers peel back to find both interpersonal and intrapersonal barriers that your organization go out find in their journey to value candid communication.For example, interpersonal barriers occur among team members, such as differences in personality styles or behavioral preferences. Ignoring or not addressing these differences can lead to rivalry, competition and fear of let looseing up due to retaliation or further despise from other(a) co- usageers. Though individualistics in your fellowship may not ilk or be instinctive to shit with one-another, the major obstacle is to first of all get them gibbering to address their differences.Further more, even if your employees hold correspondent behavioral or personality styles, another obstacle may be that their relationships expertness not be unfaltering enough to support constructive criticism from others, indicating a lack of trust. The absence of trust is the first dysfunction of a team, according t o Patrick Lencioni. Trust is the foundation of a team and the lack of trust is the teams in tycoon to understand and blunt up to one another (Lencioni, pg. 43-44).Strong, trusting relationships support providing feedback to other employees and supervisors without fear of future scrutiny. Lack of trust within a group in addition holds a strong influence on intrapersonal barriers to speak freely. Intrapersonal barriers ar those that occur within the individual self or encephalon but argon strongly influenced by their surroundings. For example, without the ascertaining of trust, employees may revert back to their safety parade by keeping quiet and holding back opinions in lay out to protective themselves (Lencioni, pg. 195).Likewise, other intrapersonal barriers can be as simple as the individuals self-confidence level or running(a) with individuals who prefer not to provide criticism for fear of rejection from the group. In addition, another obstacle is the absence of individ uals sense of belongingness to the familiarity, one of Maslows steps in his Hierarchy of Needs. Belongingness comes from the company support of employees by means of personal development and gambol enrichment which play a critical role for employees to recognize that they and their opinions are determine enough to be secondingd.Secondly, physical barriers of separation, such as the physical distance between locations, geographic barriers like oceans or even walls between offices, can also hinder the ability to communicate openly to employees,. For example, as your company expands internationally, it result face the creation of virtual teams. Virtual teams are at a loss to build trusting, strong relationships because they do not have the luxury of sitting a frustrate the table from one-another to work out disagreements. And, even if they wanted to, it would be extremely expensive for the company to fund trips back and forwards across the pond.On the other hand, co-located em ployees may still feel that physical barriers impede their ability to share from blocked areas and closed doors providing visual cues to employees that they are either not needed or wanted. Last, as your company grows it testament face both society and company built pagan barriers. Societal barriers, such as international relations and generational differences can influence the in force(p)ness of conducting commerce and building relationships in the future. For example, do the companies that we are working with international hold the same dialect on candid dialog?Do cultural barriers or age differences enable employees to provide productive feedback or criticism without violating a tender norm or without fear of creating adversarial relationships? Both examples of societal based barriers greatly influence the ability of pack to feel they can share openly. Likewise, company built cultural barriers continue to obstruct straight blabber if the culture does not reward such behavi or and the population contains individuals who do not rival the cultural mold. For example, Nordstrom employees who are not fanatic intimately how amazing you Nordstroms is leave be ejected like a virus ().Employees who do not see rewards for behaviors or do not agree with the cultural behaviors will not be comfortable to share candidly. Question 2 In order to combat these disallow obstacles the company moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal) first create and communicate a solid value structure, mission literary argument and form committees to servicing implement and generate ideas. The assurance that people feel valued needs to be the primary focus of the company citing the well kn have fact that employees are the number one customers.A credo similar to the one mentioned in Built to Last (p. 9) for Johnson & Johnson, listed open for all to see, must be presented to the employees specifically listing core values including but not limited to welcome change, be unspoiled/open, rec ognize success but not shun failure, march everyone with respect and spend considerable center of quantify nurturing culture. For maximum impact management needs to proactively practice (MBWA) by walking around displaying, promote and measuring the success of all these values. These values and structures need to be engrained early in the employees so that the culture will pass away second nature.The objective is for the employee to be culturally rooted early. This is why the processes of recruiting, hiring, socialise and fostering raw(a) employees is critical, similar to Nike within Built to convert the company fostered a just do it individuation that was reflected in its structure, the people it hired(p. 46). Once hired, the cultural foundation has been set and injection into the companys clay will receive piffling resistance making it simple to promote candid communications. handle early processes may allow people to slip into the company who dont fit the cultural mol d and/or they are not properly adjusted into the system.These outcasts have a possibility of macrocosm rejected from the system resulting in employee turnover or a multitude of other problems. Recruiters can condition recruits fit into the open communication culture by various techniques of evaluation, starting at first contact, including socializing events and interview processes. Events that require potential employees to socialize with current employees at their peer level will process evaluate their compatibility within the system and the employees.Employees administering interviews are encouraged to ask more behavioral questions rather than job function related questions. This will also ensure that new-fangled panoramas are on the right bridle-path to successful transplant into the company. Once hired, new employees are to be indoctrinated with the concept of free speech. In order to build relationships and foster vertical communication, all new employees regardless of po sition, are to attend a proud level onboarding training that is done within one large room.Next they participate in a communication building scavenger hunt requiring them to find and speak to certain individuals within the organization. The new employees are then paired with existing employees in their own department for 3-6 months because it typically takes a while for employees to become situated and comfortable in their new environment. By training employees in this way you guarantee little deviation from expected culture and instill the free speech initiative, making it easier to have candid conversations. bulk tend to respond positively to change when they receive recognition from managers. Displaying exceptional behavior is often overlook leading employees to believe that the attribute is not exceptional or essential to success. When establishing a system for recognize positive behaviors, especially those that revolve around the core values and candid communication, the rew ards need to be in high regard to the employee and not necessarily monetary, Microsoft shows this in Built to Change when it employees have challenging work and, of course, one of the most highly rewarding stock plans around. hereby attracted some of the countrys top software engineers and marketing geniuses(p. 47).Equally important within the innovation process is having more time to develop new ideas shown in Built to Change 3Ms policies and practices that give employees time to experiment, and its reward system recognizes innovative work (p. 39). The rewards and time provided for ideas generated will bring about open communication but would be ultimately ineffective in the event that there isnt a way to evaluate these ideas and innovations. and so a committee consisting of white and blue collar workers should be assembled to evaluate and investigate ideas that are submitted for stiffness or cost effectiveness. To instill a culture that embraces and utilizes open communication ca ndidly the company must have a way to promote and judge the executing of the changes. A committee will be formed in order to set goals, establish who will be in charge, schedule mingle events, enrich communications and ultimately ensure that this initiative isnt forgotten.The mingling events would serve as a tool to not scarcely build relationships between employees, breaking down communication barriers, but to tone and reinforce ties to the company. Some examples of the events would include speed mentoring, company picnics, benefit fairs, blood drives and fundraising events. Next the committee would be responsible for enriching communications throughout the company by fostering goodwill, laying out company-wide changes and compiling and maintaining the intermediate for communication disbursement. Mediums of communication can vary from newsletters, memos, banners or blogs.In Corporate Culture and Performance, Tandem Computers practices this by displaying achievements are regular ly recognized on bulletin boards as Our Latest Greatests(p. 16). Communication transmitted must be professional to avoid wasting time across the organization. Some additional information, including information about the CEOs family, may be added to show that she is human and the message is genuine. The committee would also pardon new product information, organizational issues that might be confusing and benefit changes that might seem to only benefit the employer.By doing this managers can build rapport to increase employee understanding of the company, products, ethics, culture, and external environment, showing that the managers are not hiding information. This builds trust and fosters open communication. In order to facilitate information sharing, the company must utilize various ways of mentoring. Level mentoring should be skipped so that employees get an opportunity to meet with mortal above the moderate management. Reverse mentoring will be also instilled in the company as the junior person might have some fresh ideas and new tools.Some quantify, a new set of ideas might be the solution to a lingering issue in the company. Training sessions are organized by putting the management and employees on the same teams. Likewise, large group information sessions are employ to talk about issues related to employees with management information similar to Mercks communication meetings that are held three times a year. These meetings will have the full support of upper management and are use to open communication, improve the flow of information among all levels of management and to provide employees with information they need to do their jobs better.thither could also be an improvement in information sharing by having no doors on offices or no physical barriers between management and lower level employees. Honda and Harley Davidson have an open door insurance policy as described in Built to Change (p. 9). The company should clearly define fair policies and pr ocedures. This will help the employees to know what is expected of them. If employees know what the company expects, it is easier for them to be accountable for their own behavior and domiciliate accordingly.Clear guidelines for professional conduct will be established by the company so that co-workers treat each other with respect regardless of their position in the company. Also, a process of performance brushup system will be implemented to ensure the employees are promoting the companys value structure. A 360 degree review process will be utilized by the company which will help to provide on-going feedbacks to all the employees. This will enable all the subordinates, peers and supervisors to have their input towards the company.This will also help to assess all employees on a continual basis on how they are performing to business needs as well as adapting to the values of the company. The results from these reviews can be used to make administrative decisions as well as to pla n for training and development in the future. The company should also not sway from their core values no matter what, as described in Built to Change (p. 4) in the Southwest Airlines example. This will enable the employees to stay loyal and feel comfortable knowing that their jobs are stable.Finally, the company will provide proper benefits to the employees including fair pay based on individual performance, team performance and seniority so that the employees feel valued. A proper organic organization structure will be designed to empower people and allowing them to make their own decisions. This will make the employees accountable with their decisions. A flatter organization structure will be designed in order to enable employees to speak freely to higher levels of management for advice. This will also enhance the mentoring process and help to build effective relationships.After assessing the culture and gathering input, the company should identify the system, policies and procedu res that must be either changed or implemented to support the new culture. The new infrastructure should address role expectations, accountability, rewards and selection systems. The company will also have defined job descriptions and encourage people to switch departments so that employees wont feel pigeon-holed. In other words, the company will also allow mobility within the organization in order to get the most out of their employees and employees will be more flexible.The employees should also understand other roles and jobs in the company to be able to relate to them and provide input for improvements. The company will focus more on team based design that will eventually help to elevate individual performance in the company. Individuals in the company will be cross trained or conditioned in order to improve the overall performance of the whole team. Although the word team is heavily used in the industry today, teams often play a major role in initiating organizational change.A cross functional team design will create mutual accountability for results and joint ownerships of work products. in a higher place all, a properly designed organic organization structure will positively impact the ability to focus, directly affects the communication channels and empowers people by giving the employees a drive to make their own decisions. Question 3 While designing and implementing an effective, company-wide communication structure is vitally important, the activities performed by leaders at all levels are par arrive to sustaining an effective communication culture.Managers are the face of your companys culture and their interactions with their direct reports will be the frontlines of the companys culture battles. Beginning with the hiring process, managers must be reminiscent that they are not only assessing the potential hires technical skills and abilities, but also their fit within the culture. They must abide by and practice recruiting and hiring techniques t hat will reasonably ensure that the company is hiring candidates that will express the desired behavior and align with the culture.These techniques could include maintaining relationships with contacts at local universities and recruiting firms. If these contacts are familiar with your company and culture they could aid in providing a stream of potential new hires and would be able to pre-screen for cultural fit. Mangers should openly discuss the companys culture and ask explicit questions regarding how the potential hire feels he/she will fit within the culture. This will set cultural expectations of open and candid communication with all interviewees long before any are hired.Also, managers should use behavioral type interview questions to test the candidates attitudes, trust and ability to speak freely. Additionally, the interviews should be conducted by employees of varying levels of the company, both managers and non-mangers, with a angiotensin-converting enzyme manager solici ting feedback from all other interviewers regarding their assessment of the recruit. Once potential employees are deemed to be a cultural fit and are hired it is important to continue the initiation process into the culture.Managers need to immediately initiate teaching new employees about the open communication culture and submerging them in it. The Container Store, for example, submits all new hires to a weeklong orientation in which they are taught the inner workings and philosophy of the company (FoE, pg. 75). socialisation techniques can be utilized to build the relationships between the new and established employees, understanding that well socialised employees are more likely to share information freely.Managers can organize gatherings of new and current employees to forgo the new hires to their co-workers. Examples would be ice cream or pizza socials in which ice-breaker type games are used to introduce and socialize new hires to their peers. Mangers can also take new hir es to lunch with a low-toned group of their fellow employees in an effort to socialize the new employee in an environment alfresco the workplace. An emphasis should be made at these types of gatherings to learn about the employees life outside of the work environment. separate practices like a mentoring or buddy system could also be utilized to engage the new employee in an open communication culture. The focus of these activities should be to build trust and a sense of value within the new hire. Employees that perceive themselves as being valued and have strong trust relationships with their direct reports and co-workers are more likely to give of themselves, that is, to invest their heads and hearts with your company. While recruiting and initiating new hires into the culture is vital, most of a leaders time will be spent maintaining the open communication culture.These tasks can be broken down into activities that build relationships, empower employees and provide reviews and f eedback. Mangers should spend a considerable amount of time getting to know and nurture relationships with their direct reports. Leaders should adopt a concern by Wondering Around system where managers spend time with employees getting to know what they are doing, how they are doing it, what winning of problems they are facing, and what help is required to solve the problems (Dynamic Business Strategy, info from Vick).This type of communication should be seen as an integral part of managing people, not as an additional burden to a managers already busy schedule. An open-door policy should be utilized so that managers are available to their employees as much as possible. Leaders should also maintain a database of employee birthdays and employment anniversaries and recognize these occasions with cards and/or gifts. Management could also hold monthly get-togethers to celebrate the birthdays, anniversaries and milestones that occurred that month.Managers should be encouraged to spend time with their direct reports outside the work environment. Informal gatherings like lunches and happy hours could be utilized to get to know direct reports on a more personal level. Managers should hold occasional casual days in which employees are allowed to wear off themed casual attire like university t-shirts to kick off football season or Hawaiian shirts at the start of summer. Additionally, leaders could send out daily or weekly e-mails informing employees of what is going on around the company.