The spirit of 1968 politicised everyday life. Discuss Essay

Pierre Trudeaus Just Society Essays - Pierre Trudeau,

Pierre Trudeau's Just Society In 1968, Pierre Elliott Trudeau had recently become Canada's fifteenth PM. I've generally longed for a general public where every individual ought to have the option to satisfy himself to the degree of his capacities as an individual, a society where restraints to correspondence would be destroyed. This implies giving individual opportunities, and uniformity of chance, wellbeing, and training, and I imagine governmental issues as a progression of choices to make this general public. Trudeau, who surrendered as PM in 1984, passed on September 28, 2000, at eighty years old. He accepted that the country must be solid enough to withstand the mind-boggling monetary and social weights from its mammoth neighbor, the United States, and he had confidence in an Equitable Society, one of his preferred expressions that held numerous implications for him. The idea of a Just Society was never simply a helpful expression; it was the motivation for Trudeau's most profound emotions. He accepted that the ever- broadening inlet among rich and poor at home and in immature nations ought to be decreased. He thought it was the administration's duty to give equivalent status, equivalent chance, and reasonable treat-merit for all. As equity serve he presented enactment that expanded reason for separation and premature births and abrogated punishments for gay acts between consenting grown-ups, with the well known comment, The state has no business in the rooms of the country. One of Trudeau's first moves as executive was to make Canada a bilingual nation, with the Official Languages Act, which gave French and English equivalent status by law. Trudeau additionally brought home the Canadian constitution with the Constitution Act of 1982, amending an irregularity from the earlier century that necessary the revising procedure to be affirmed by the British Parliament. He joined a Charter of Rights and Freedoms into the Constitution, which revered French and English instruction rights the nation over; made PetroCanada, Canada's own oil organization; organized the dubious National Energy Program, which expanded government control of the gas and oil industry; named the first lady to the Supreme Court of Canada and the principal female senator general; what's more, presented new business and instructive open doors for the youthful. Not every one of his approaches were generally welcomed, reviews Ivan Head, Trudeau's previous head counsel on international strategy. His National Energy Program in 1980, intended to build Canadian responsibility for oil industry from 15 percent to 50 percent, to present preservation measures, and to overhaul the division of oil incomes between the creating territories and the government made huge debate. The area of Alberta and the United States government both fought back against what they viewed as 'against Alberta' and 'hostile to American' activities. Trudeau was a much needed refresher for what was then an exceptionally sullen society, which has experienced enormous change due to his effect. Trudeaumania was the Nickname given in mid 1968. Trudeaumania proceeded during the resulting government political race and during Mr. Trudeau's early years as Prime Minister of Canada. Numerous youngsters in Canada at this time were affected by the 1960s counterculture and related to Trudeau, a youthful, lively, maverick. They were amazed by Trudeau's appeal and great looks, and an enormous fan base was set up all through the nation. He would regularly be halted in the avenues for his signature or for a brisk photo. Trudeau was likewise respected for his laid-back demeanor what's more, his big name connections; in that word's overarching use at that point, portraying a cutting edge, hip and happening individual, he was depicted as a pleasure seeker. Trudeaumania started to fail after Pierre Trudeau wedded Margaret Sinclair in 1971, yet he is recollected right up 'til the present time as one of Canada's most polarizing legislators and leaders: affectionately reviewed by numerous Central also, Eastern Canadians while simultaneously disliked in the western territories and among preservationist masterminds and Quebec patriots. Official bilingualism is the term utilized in Canada to all in all portray the approaches, established arrangements, and laws which give English and French a favored status over different dialects in Canada's courts, parliament and organization. Notwithstanding the representative assignment of English and French as official dialects, official bilingualism is commonly comprehended to incorporate any law or on the other hand other measure which: . commands that the central government lead its business in both official dialects and give taxpayer supported organizations in the two dialects; . supports or orders lower levels of government (most prominently the regions and regions, yet in addition a few regions) to lead themselves in both authority dialects and to offer types of assistance in both English and French as opposed to in only either; . places commitments on private on-screen characters in

Counselors vs. Counseling Psychologists

Counselors vs. Counseling Psychologists Student Resources Careers Print Counselor and a Counseling Psychologist Differences By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 10, 2020 Tetra Images/Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips While counselors and counseling psychologists perform a lot of similar duties, there are actually a number of important differences between the two professions. Both professions are focused on helping people live better lives, but counselors and counseling psychologists have different educational backgrounds and often work in different settings. Key Similarities There are a number of important similarities between counselors and counseling psychologists: Both are mental health practitionersBoth can provide psychotherapyBoth may specialize in a particular area, such as working with children, adults, or couplesBoth help clients improve well-beingBoth work in diverse areas including hospitals, government offices, mental health clinics, academic settings, and private practice Differences So how exactly do counselors and counseling psychologists differ? Some of the major differences are in educational levels, the scope of practice, and work settings. Counselors Usually have a masters degreeOften address emotional and relationship issuesOften work in school or career settingsAre not trained to provide psychological testingTreat clients by providing talk therapy Counseling Psychologists Have a doctorate degreeTend to treat more serious forms of mental illnessOften found in medical and mental health clinicsTrained to provide diagnosis and psychological testing Education and Training Differences One of the major differences can be seen in the educational and training requirements for each profession. Counselor Educational Requirements Counselors generally have at minimum a masters degree in either counseling or psychology. Most masters programs require 60 credit hours of study. Those who become licensed professional counselors are required to pass a national professional exam and complete a specified number of supervised hours in the field. One of the attractions of counseling programs is that they require less time to complete than a doctorate, allowing students to enter the workforce faster. Another reason why such programs appeal to students is that some allow for part-time study, making it possible for students to remain employed in their current jobs while they earn a masters degree. Counseling Psychologist Educational Requirements Counseling psychologists, on the other hand, hold a Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D. degree in counseling psychology. Such programs tend to include a greater focus on research than is typically seen in masters level counseling programs. Such programs usually take five years to complete. The first four years are complete required courses, research, clinical experiences, and a dissertation. The fifth-year is usually spent doing a supervised internship in the field. Accreditation and Licensing In many cases, both counseling psychology and counseling programs are housed within a universitys College of Education (although not always). Counseling programs and counseling psychology programs also receive accreditation from different accrediting bodies. In the United States, counseling programs are accredited through the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) and counseling psychology programs are accredited through the American Psychological Association (APA). It is important to note that both counselors and psychologists must be licensed to practice within the state where they work. In order to become licensed, counselors and psychologists must meet specific education, training, and testing criteria established by the state. This includes meeting a minimum education level, completing required supervised experience hours, and passing state certification exams. Scope of Practice Another key difference between counselors and counseling psychologists can be seen in the type of duties they usually perform. While counseling psychologists often conduct psychological assessments and administer diagnostic tests to clients, counselors are sometimes limited in terms of the tests they are able to administer. State laws may dictate which type of assessments a counselor can offer and may require that the administration of such tests be supervised by a psychologist. Counseling psychologists may also work with individuals suffering from more serious forms of mental illness than counselors. More general emotional, relationship, social, and academic problems are often referred to counselors because they are sometimes able to offer more cost-effective treatments. However, both types of professionals offer important mental health services designed to help people overcome problems and optimize their well-being. Counselors often choose to focus on a specialty area such as school counseling, career counseling, marriage and family counseling, mental health counseling, and addictions counseling. Similarly, counseling psychologists often elect to specialize in a particular area such as substance abuse, child development, health psychology, community psychology, crisis intervention, or developmental disabilities. A Word From Verywell While counselors and counseling psychologists perform many similar job duties in the field of mental health, it is important to be aware of the differences between the two professions. If you are thinking about entering one of these fields, you will need to determine which one is right for you and adjust your educational plan to meet those expectations. If you are looking for mental health services, you should talk to your doctor about what type of mental health professional might be right for your needs. Seeing a counselor might be a great choice in some situations, while in other cases, such as if you need treatment for a more serious mental health condition, you might need to see a psychologist or psychiatrist. How to Find the Right Therapist

Quentin Tarantino or His Movie Inglourious Basterds - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1235 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/30 Category Cinematographic Art Essay Type Review Level High school Tags: World War 2 Essay Did you like this example? The movie Inglorious Basterds, was written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. Tarantino was born in March 27th 1963, he grew to be an actor and later a movie director. His stories are known to be satirical and nonlinear. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Quentin Tarantino or His Movie Inglourious Basterds" essay for you Create order The author is considered to be the greatest filmmakers of his time. Tarantino started his career in the 1980ss, and his first movie wasmy best friend birthday, among many others that made it to the international limelight. His life was somehow marred with Controversies especially the divorce of his parents and when he dropped out of school at the age of 15, and even during his later years as a filmmaker as many criticized his works terming it too violent and moral suspects (Ben-Youssef 819). His writing style id quite different and he is said to manipulate commodities so as to bring out the plot of his movies, which are action thrillers, animations and comedies. The plot summary of the movie was set in the year 1941 during the World War 2 in Germanys territory in France. Basterds is a group of soldiers led by Lieutenant Aldo Raine, who recruited Jewish Americans to their service to facilitate their plan to assassinate the Germany leader Adolf Hitler and other Nazis (Mingant 712). This was after it was reported that he killed many Jews. They succeeded with their plan after planning with the theater owner who was eager to avenge the death of his family. The Basterds with the help of Germany undercover agent Bridget Von Hammers mark successfully set the premier on fire killing all Germanys that was in it. This paper is going to look into the movie Inglorious Basterds written and directed by American actor Quentin Tarantino, study its cultural effects and developments, its artifact features and how the setting of the artifact. The cultural narrative of the creator of the movie is to display evil and ill intentions and acts that characterize the killing, murder of innocent Jews. And the subsequent revenge by the American Jews whose families had been killed by the Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler (Ben-Youssef 819). The creator of the artifact was revengeful in his extracts and the major basis of the movie is to kill Germanys by the Jews with the help of the French and other Germans who had been affected by the war. The cultural narrative of the consumers of the artifact at the beginning of the movie is comical and fictitious. However, it later changes into revenge, as marked by Brad Pitts remarks at the end of the movieI think this just might be my masterpiece. This gives an impression that the artifact is about revenge of injustices committed. The movie was acted during the dictatorship leadership of Adolf Hitler under the political party called Nazi Party. During this period German was changed to totalitarianism which was a political system where the government had no limits to its authorities and it was involved in regulating all the aspects in the public and private life if it was possible. This was the worst form of the authoritarianism. In this leadership styles, people had no power and rights for their lives. Under the leadership of Hitler using the Nazi party, there was an elimination of all the political oppositions which led to a consolidation of the power which led to the dictatorship of the Hitler. (Tarantino 250). The people in society during that period were experiencing racism. Racism was about the anti-Semitism people from German like the Nordic race was taken by the state during the regime of the Hitler as the purest race and Jews were discriminated against. In such society to be a Muslim or opposing there government was a risk as you could be eliminated by Hitler. The Nordic was considered as the master race which was honored by the dictatorship leadership of the Hitler. The people associated with Jewish race and other people outside the master race were undesirable to the state and they were experiencing killings. Those who opposed the government were dealt with them ruthlessly by the state. The people in the society who were involved in opposing the leadership of the Hitler suffered imprisonment and killings. Christians were subjected to the suppression and education and work for the women were involved in the curtailing. This led to people in the society during the regime of th e Hitler to suffer more as a result of dictatorship. As a result, the society was ready to revenge for the killings where the movie inglorious and bustard was created to advocate for such actions in Germany in the year 1941(Berenbaum 450). The regime of Hitler came to an end after the end of the Second World War when the society was relieved from the dictatorship leadership. The cultural artifact was created during the World War 2, which took place in the year 1941 and at the same time the Nazi leader by the name Adolf Hitler was killing the Jews branding them unwanted people in Europe (Mingant 712). The historical events that took place during that time such as the world war and the holocaust together with other major atrocities in Europe might have inspired the creator of the artifact to bring forth the story. Additionally the creator was inspired to bring forth the picture of revenge that never took place but many would have wished for. The cultural artifact had its greatest impact in Europe, especially in Germany and parts of Russia. These were parts where the Jews had populated the most (Bryant 192). The World War 2 had its impact in Europe as well. The artifact of the inglorious bustard movie is important for the history in the Germany and territories which were ruled by a chancellor and President Hitler in early 1941. The artifact shows the impact of dictatorship leadership in the German and its impact in which it led to the killing of millions of the people who opposed the dictatorship leadership. The killing was a kind of the genocide which has greatly contributed to the history of Germany. The artifact is significant in portraying how those who opposed the government were suppressed through killings and imprisonment (Berenbaum 450). The killings during the holocaust, the dictatorship leadership, and suppressing of the opposition have been a significant source of history in the world. The cultural artifact in this movie has a lasting impact on the locals, nations and at global levels. Its impact is political in nature. It has enabled the leadership of the countries to change from the dictatorship leadership and totalitarianism political systems which has a negative impact on the citizens of a given country (Tarantino 250). Nowadays the leadership in the local, national and global levels. The countries in the whole world are emphasizing on the use of the democratic leadership where the citizens have the freedom to participate in the leadership as opposed to dictatorship leadership which has a more negative impact to society. Works cited Berenbaum, Michael, and Abraham J. Peck. The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined. Bloomington [u.a.: Indiana Univ. Press, 2002. Print. Tarantino, Quentin.? Inglourious Basterds. , 2009. Internet resource. Ben-Youssef, Fareed. Attendez La Crime!: Food And Cultural Trauma In Quentin Tarantinos Inglourious Basterds And Django Unchained. The Journal of Popular Culture 50.4 (2017): 819. Print. Bryant, Elizabeth. In the Shadow of Hitler: Alabamas Jews, the Second World War, And The Holocaust. Holocaust Studies 21.3 (2015): 192. Print. Mingant, Nolwenn. TarantinoS Inglourious Basterds: A Blueprint For Dubbing Translators?. Meta: Journal des traducteurs 55.4 (2010): 712. Print.

Leadership And Teams Conformity - 929 Words

Leadership and Teams - Conformity Leadership with in teams has become the new standard in most contemporary business these days. The model of leadership one choses can help determine the success and effectiveness of a team. We will look into the model of servant leadership, the role conformity plays in teams, and how we can be a better manager. Servant Leadership Being a servant leader is a concept I explored in a previous class while researching Zappos.com, where they require all their managers to be servant leaders. The idea that a manager’s top priority is to assist their follower in succeeding by supporting and removing obstacles they may encounter is a noble undertaking. The two major responsibilities of leaders are people and production. Having a manager who is focused on the development and support of their employees, as well as being committed to removing and impediments for their employees should be positively affect the performance levels and employee satisfaction within their team. Research by Jones (2012) states, â€Å"Servant leadership can lead to greater organizational productivity as well as increased fiscal strength as evidenced by decreased turnover, increased job satisfaction, and increased revenues. The participants also shared an almost unanimous belief that they should set the standard for excellence within their organization and to not only serve the followers at work, but to lead in service within their communities† (p. 32) . In order for servantShow MoreRelatedLeadership And Teams : Conformity1278 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership and Teams – Conformity Conformity continues to be an expectation and need in many groups. 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Teams are thought to outperform individual work and help achieve organizationalRead MoreWhat Is Team Leadership Theory?907 Words   |  4 Pagesgroup norms, resulting in discouraged creativity, and decisions void of critical thinking. Because team-based structures are popular in today’s companies, it is important for managers to understand how to avoid conformity pitfalls. When utilizing team leadership theory, managers can mitigate negative consequences that group conformity instigates, by offering a leadership style that facilitates team member autonomy, creativity, healthy debat e, and openness to new ideas. Human beings innately seekRead MoreHow Groups Can Resolve Conflicts1678 Words   |  7 Pagessometimes there can be conflicts in groups that can be a little more difficult to resolve than others. When this happens the last resort for teams is to turn to a third party intervention in order to really resolve the issue. It is best that groups avoid this type of resolution simply because conflicts with and between the team should usually stay within the team. When a third party is brought in it can sometimes add more confusion or should I say â€Å"fuel to the fire† simply because another opinion isRead MorePlot Summary of Remember the Titans Essays1240 Words   |  5 PagesRemember the Titans is a film from 2000 displaying a true story of a racially divided football team from the 1970s. The movie highlights the relationships of the black and white people, and how they learned to interact with each other in a time when this was not the way of life. It brings up a number of quest ions throughout, of what is right and what is wrong, and really challenges the characters, making it a very interesting movie to watch. 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I also empowered them by providing them some consulting work, which they felt that it was shown to the client as their own work in order for them to feel that they were part of the team and have a sense they belong to the organization. Therefore, this behavioral approach that I exercisedRead MoreQuestions On Group And Team Terminology And Concepts From A Theoretical Perspective1516 Words   |  7 Pagesassignment is to further develop your knowledge of group and team terminology and concepts from a theoretical perspective. Task Answer each of the following questions as a separate section in your essay. Remember that your response to each question is to be more than an impression, but rather is to be illustrative of research and the application of the theoretical to real world situations involving groups and teams. 1. How do Norms and Conformity Affect Group Behavior? 2. Define synergy and interdependenceRead MoreLeadership Styles From The Canadian Military Journal ( Cmj ) Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Leadership is defined by Peter G. Northouse as â€Å"a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal†. One’s leadership style can shape a subordinate’s approach and place emphasis to the task or mission at hand as well as accomplishing long term objectives. The role of any leader is to provide direction and guidance to those who may fall under his/her command. The manner in which leadership is applied, especially in today’s society and ever-changingRead MoreWhy Do People Conform?1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe causes of conformity among individuals have long been debated and researched in recent decades. It is for this reason that conformity is an intriguing psychological concept. It causes sound-minded individuals to go against their best judgement, to engage in behaviour which they usually would not engage in, even accept and welcome an idea they internally disagree with, all in order to not be a deviant from t he group. It is thus interesting to look at the factors which cause people to conform,

Construction Process Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Construction is a vast process where a lot of obstacles are faced. It can be because of the conditions of the terrain where a construction is on-going or because of the nature of the construction itself which causes the difficulties. So to overcome some of these or most of it there is always surveys done before a construction is started. We will write a custom essay sample on Construction Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore a survey is a part of the construction process. And these surveys can be of different types depending on the situation of the construction process for example the surveys done before the start of the construction and at the surveys during the construction and after finishing the construction varies hence the purpose of these surveys as well as the instruments and the procedures for the surveys varies. Since then it is important to know some of the obstacles which we face at the different faces of constructions and how we deal with them to bring a solution to make the process of construction easier and safer. This assignment is a partial fulfilment of the Geomatic Engineering (ECV 3213) coursework, this will cover an explanatory report on how to overcome the obstructions to horizontal distance measurement using tape, permanent tests and adjustments for accuracy in theodolite, digital terrain modelling and verticality check / control for multi-story building works during construction. The report will discuss three examples of obstructions to horizontal distance measurement while using tape and how it is dealt to overcome this or solutions for these obstructions. For the permanent tests and adjustments for accuracy in theodolite, the collimation in azimuth, the spire and plate level tests will be taken as consideration and deliberated. Also more explanations on the remaining two items will be discussed. In the report purpose of the instruments or methods used, the procedures, the advantages and disadvantages, some practical applications with examples will be discussed. Further more relevant illustrations and sketches will be included. The aim of the assignment is to carry out a literature search and read about the above mentioned four important items in the field of surveying and learn and understand the significance of these for the construction process hence for the surveying. The objective is to give the readers a clear cut Image of the topics and how it is practically applied in the field and provide the readers with relevant and understandable information. How to cite Construction Process, Essay examples

Roles of Consumers in Demand for Iphone free essay sample

Consumers in the Demand for the iPhone On the 14th of October, hundreds and thousands of people from all around the world queued for hours just to purchase a gadget of the future – the iPhone 4S. â€Å"Outside the Apple store on Regent Street in London, a line of shoppers snaked down nearby Hanover Street [whilst] in Covent Garden at least 700 people were queuing (Mathis, 2011). † It makes one wonder how innovative this product really is to draw this much attention. What do consumers see in the iPhone? Is it about product viability, status enhancement or just another Apple product to tick off the list? â€Å"Consumer behaviour refers to the selection, purchase and consumption of goods and services for the satisfaction of their wants (Shah, 2010). † There are six main types of consumers in society, each with different roles. It is vital to examine the various functions of each type of consumer with regard to the iPhone. We will write a custom essay sample on Roles of Consumers in Demand for Iphone or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Several factors influence the type of the consumer and his/her consumption. These range from culture, social class, family, roles and status, age, occupation, economic situation, lifestyle and beliefs. Basically, consumers identify themselves within a particular group and act accordingly towards consumption and demand for innovation whilst considering the product life cycle. In order to determine the effect of the iPhone on consumers, a background of the product must be considered. The iPhone 4S is the most advanced piece of technology Apple has ever invented. It is an upgrade to the iPhone 4 and was released only a month ago. Its new features include Siri, an intelligent personal assistant that helps you with your needs. Moreover, it has a dual-core A5 chip which makes browsing, gaming and everything faster. Add to this an 8MP camera, iOS 5 updated software, iCloud to store content on devices and all the previous functions of the iPhone 4 and you have the smashing new iPhone 4S, â€Å"the most amazing iPhone yet (Apple, 2011). â€Å" It is currently priced from ? 499 and its demand is gargantuan. The iPhone may be distinguished as a luxury good for some or a normal good for another. This all depends on the background of the consumer. Most of the people lining up on the first day of the iPhone 4S release or the early stages of the product life cycle are more likely to be categorised as Marshall consumers or Veblen or Bourdieu consumers. These are two of the six main types of consumers. Marshall consumers are described by Swann (2010) as â€Å"actively seeking out new and different consumption opportunities and actively making the most of each consumption experience (Swann, p 195). † These consumers simply demand the new innovation but do not necessarily need the newly released innovation. On the other hand, the Veblen or Bourdieu consumer is one who â€Å"purchases higher-priced goods whereas similar low-priced substitutes are available caused by the desire for conspicuous consumption (Business, 2011). They are active consumers who yearn for distinction. Marshall consumers are plainly people who are interested about the new product and their benefits. Their passion includes getting a hold of the newest products to appease their demand for innovation and to discover what they have to offer. To them, the iPhone 4S may be nothing but an upgraded version of the iPhone 4 yet just for the sake of change and becau se of the fact that it is the latest gadget, they will purchase it. On the contrary, the Veblen consumer â€Å"can be influenced by the behaviour of at least three groups: a peer group distinction group . and an aspiration group (Swann, p. 192). † These consumers desire distinction and separation from everyone else. The new iPhone is definitely an opportunity to demonstrate distinction. Having a top of the line smart phone newly released by Apple symbolises a massive amount of wealth. Veblen consumers demand the iPhone at its initial stages as a sign of high social class. Similarly, the Bourdieu consumer seeks distinction but with a modest or greater amount of expenditure (Swann, p. 193). For them, the expensive price of an iPhone 4S increases their demand for the product. Basically, both Veblen and Bourdieu consumers demand the new iPhone simply because of the distinction it brings with its ownership whilst the Marshall consumer consumes to explore. A minor type of consumer that may have been present on the release of the iPhone is the Dutiful consumer. These are consumers who simply have to purchase the iPhone because of their duty. An example would be a journalist writing about the new iPhone. He/she would clearly need to have the iPhone before a review could be written. In other cases, it could simply be a consumer who has a collection of Apple products and believes it is their duty to purchase the new iPhone. During the middle stages of the product life cycle of the iPhone, three different types of consumers come in and increase the demand for the innovation. The Douglas consumer, Learning consumer and the Conventional economic consumer all boost the demand for the iPhone in varying levels. Douglas consumers are based on Mary Douglas who wrote that â€Å"the real moment of choosing is choice of comrades and their way of life (Douglas, p. 45). These consumers base their consumption on social interaction and peer group loyalty. Learning consumers conversely are those who recognise the innovation as something worth having. It develops with their knowledge of the uses of the innovation and increases their demand for the product. Finally, the Economic consumer changes only if the environment changes. The most important factor of this type of consumer is the fact that they are interested in innovations that offer them features that reduce their costs (Swann, p. 190). Douglas consumers are influenced by the group of people they associate themselves with. An interesting characteristic about this type of consumer is the initial hesitation to demand innovation. However, as soon as the ‘group leader’ adopts the innovation, the demand increases. In terms of the iPhone, a group of people may deem it to be unnecessary, extravagant or luxurious depending on their social standing. Its initial release may not have been something important to the members of this group. Although, once an important member of the group buys an iPhone, members tend to follow the same procedure and purchase iPhones as well. This increases the demand for the iPhone only because it demonstrates peer allegiance. Coincidentally, since Douglas consumers increase the demand for the iPhone, Veblen consumers would demand less of this product. This is due to the fact that the Veblen consumers originally acquire the iPhone to symbolise their high level of social status. Once the consumers below this begin to procure the same product, they would not be differentiated as much as they formerly were. It is vital to appreciate that an increase in demand due to Douglas consumers may mean a decrease in demand by Veblen consumers. The Learning consumers demand the iPhone simply because of the features everyone has been raving about. It could only take them a brief moment to witness the intelligence of Siri to understand the value of an iPhone. Siri is the personal assistant that simply does your work for you. For example, you can say â€Å"Siri, remind me of Dad’s birthday on Tuesday† and Siri will automatically create an event reminding you of â€Å"Dad’s birthday. † This feature has never been witnessed before and could be the main reason why Learning consumers would demand this innovation (Apple, 2011). This could be similar to the Economic consumers. Although they do not participate in ‘groupthink,’ once they recognise how the iPhone can reduce their costs, they will eventually demand it. They see this as an all-in-one gadget as it allows one to call, message, email, surf the net, play music, take photos and watch videos. These features in just one iPhone would reduce their expenditure on other gadgets like the Mp3 players and allow them to use their money on different things. The last stage of the product life cycle is the mass market. At this point, the innovation is in full swing in terms of demand and has been in the market for quite a bit of time. This is where the Galbraith consumer affects the demand of the innovation. In 1958, Galbraith through his book, The Affluent Society, described the consumer as one whose â€Å"wants and tastes were shaped by advertising (Swann, p. 190). † Basically, consumers under this category are easily persuaded by marketing schemes and are pushed to purchase the new innovation. In the case of the iPhone, Apple continuously releases advertisements promoting their product. Apple has released three new iPhone ads that suggest if you dont have an iPhone, there are a lot of things youre missing (Horn, 2011). † They emphasise on the qualities of an iPhone and go for iPhone envy. Galbraith consumers, after witnessing this advertisement would more likely increase the demand of the iPhone. Finally, routine consumers are those who are least motivated by innovation (Swann, p. 1 97). They are not influenced by advertising and stick to the familiar processes of their consumption. Therefore, the iPhone, no matter how appealing it may be to consumers all around the globe, will not be attractive in their perception. In the end the demand for innovation, in this case the iPhone 4S, depends on the consumers’ preferences and the stage of the product cycle. The initial stage would highlight activity of the Marshall, Veblen amp; Bourdieu and Dutiful consumers whilst the middle stage and the mass market would include activity of the Douglas, Economic, Learning, Galbraith and Routine consumers respectively. People are generally different types of consumers at different instances and possess various inclinations from time to time. The exciting thing about this is the idea of innovation as a cycle. All we are sure of is that innovations will continuously develop and hopefully lead us to a better and brighter future. [1647] References Battisti, Giuliana 2011, Lecture 3: Innovation, Demand and Consumption, lecture notes distributed in The Economics of Innovation at the University of Nottingham on 19 October 2011. Douglas, Mary and Aaron Wildavsky. Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983. Galbraith, John, 1958. The Affluent Society. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.